Abstract
The ‘degree of k-step nilpotence’ of a finite group G is the proportion of the tuples (x1,…, xk+1 ∈ Gk+1 for which the simple commutator [x1, …, xk+1] is equal to the identity. In this paper we study versions of this for an infinite group G, with the degree of nilpotence defined by sampling G in various natural ways, such as with a random walk, or with a Følner sequence if G is amenable. In our first main result we show that if G is finitely generated, then the degree of k-step nilpotence is positive if and only if G is virtually k-step nilpotent (Theorem 1.5). This generalises both an earlier result of the second author treating the case k = 1 and a result of Shalev for finite groups, and uses techniques from both of these earlier results. We also show, using the notion of polynomial mappings of groups developed by Leibman and others, that to a large extent the degree of nilpotence does not depend on the method of sampling (Theorem 1.12). As part of our argument we generalise a result of Leibman by showing that if ϕ is a polynomial mapping into a torsion-free nilpotent group, then the set of roots of ϕ is sparse in a certain sense (Theorem 5.1). In our second main result we consider the case where G is residually finite but not necessarily finitely generated. Here we show that if the degree of k-step nilpotence of the finite quotients of G is uniformly bounded from below, then G is virtually k-step nilpotent (Theorem 1.19), answering a question of Shalev. As part of our proof we show that degree of nilpotence of finite groups is sub-multiplicative with respect to quotients (Theorem 1.21), generalising a result of Gallagher.
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In memory of Peter Neumann
The first and third authors gratefully acknowledge the grant SEV-20150554 which partially funded their stay at the ICMAT, where a part of the research for this paper was done.
The second author was supported by grant FN 200021_163417/1 of the Swiss National Fund for scientific research.
The fourth author acknowledges partial support from the Spanish Agencia Estatal de Investigación, through grant MTM2017-82740-P (AEI/FEDER, UE), and also from the Graduate School of Mathematics through the “María de Maeztu” Programme for Units of Excellence in R&D (MDM-2014-0445).
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Martino, A., Tointon, M.C.H., Valiunas, M. et al. Probabilistic nilpotence in infinite groups. Isr. J. Math. 244, 539–588 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11856-021-2168-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11856-021-2168-3