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Prenatal maternal stress during the COVID-19 pandemic and infant regulatory capacity at 3 months: A longitudinal study

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  02 July 2021

Livio Provenzi Open the ORCID record for Livio Provenzi [Opens in a new window] ,
Serena Grumi ,
Lilia Altieri ,
Giulia Bensi ,
Emanuela Bertazzoli ,
Giacomo Biasucci ,
Anna Cavallini ,
Lidia Decembrino ,
Rossana Falcone  and
Anna Freddi
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Livio Provenzi*
Affiliation:
Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
Serena Grumi
Affiliation:
Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy
Lilia Altieri
Affiliation:
ASST Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Giulia Bensi
Affiliation:
Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
Emanuela Bertazzoli
Affiliation:
ASST Lodi, Lodi, Italy
Giacomo Biasucci
Affiliation:
Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
Anna Cavallini
Affiliation:
San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy
Lidia Decembrino
Affiliation:
ASST Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Rossana Falcone
Affiliation:
ASST Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Anna Freddi
Affiliation:
ASST Sacco Fatebenefratelli, Milano, Italy
Barbara Gardella
Affiliation:
Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Roberta Giacchero
Affiliation:
ASST Lodi, Lodi, Italy
Roberto Giorda
Affiliation:
Scientific Institute IRCCS E. Medea, Bosisio Parini, Italy
Elena Grossi
Affiliation:
Guglielmo da Saliceto Hospital, Piacenza, Italy
Paola Guerini
Affiliation:
ASST Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Maria Luisa Magnani
Affiliation:
ASST Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Paola Martelli
Affiliation:
ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
Mario Motta
Affiliation:
ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy
Renata Nacinovich
Affiliation:
San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy School of Medicine and Surgery and Milan Center for Neuroscience, University of Milano Bicocca, Milano, Italy
Dario Pantaleo
Affiliation:
ASST Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Camilla Pisoni
Affiliation:
Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy
Federico Prefumo
Affiliation:
ASST Spedali Civili, Brescia, Italy Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
Laura Riva
Affiliation:
ASST Sacco Fatebenefratelli, Milano, Italy
Barbara Scelsa
Affiliation:
ASST Sacco Fatebenefratelli, Milano, Italy
Maria V. Spartà
Affiliation:
ASST Lodi, Lodi, Italy
Arsenio Spinillo
Affiliation:
Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Patrizia Vergani
Affiliation:
San Gerardo Hospital, Monza, Italy Fondazione MBBM, Monza, Italy
Simona Orcesi
Affiliation:
Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
Renato Borgatti
Affiliation:
Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, Pavia, Italy Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
*
Author for Correspondence: Livio Provenzi, Child Neurology and Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Mondino Foundation, via Mondino 2, 27100 Pavia, Italy. E-mail: livio.provenzi@mondino.it
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Abstract

The COVID-19 pandemic is a global traumatic experience for citizens, especially during sensitive time windows of heightened plasticity such as pregnancy and neonatal life. Pandemic-related stress experienced by mothers during pregnancy may act as an early risk factor for infants’ regulatory capacity development by altering maternal psychosocial well-being (e.g., increased anxiety, reduced social support) and caregiving environment (e.g., greater parenting stress, impaired mother–infant bonding). The aim of the present longitudinal study was to assess the consequences of pandemic-related prenatal stress on infants’ regulatory capacity. A sample of 163 mother–infant dyads was enrolled at eight maternity units in northern Italy. They provided complete data about prenatal stress, perceived social support, postnatal anxiety symptoms, parenting stress, mother–infant bonding, and infants’ regulatory capacity at 3 months of age. Women who experienced emotional stress and received partial social support during pregnancy reported higher anxious symptoms. Moreover, maternal postnatal anxiety was indirectly linked to the infants’ regulatory capacity at 3 months, mediated by parenting stress and mother–infant bonding. Dedicated preventive interventions should be delivered to mothers and should be focused on protecting the mother–infant dyad from the detrimental effects of pandemic-related stress during the COVID-19 healthcare emergency.

Keywords

anxietyCOVID-19epidemicmaternal bondingprenatal stressregulatory capacitysocial supporttemperament
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 35 , Issue 1 , February 2023 , pp. 35 - 43
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

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Footnotes

†

Additional members of the MOM-COPE project: Elisa Bettiga3, Emma Bonetti9, Renza Bonini3, Elisa Cavaleri9, Giovanna Centinaio4, Andrea Citterio8, Giuliana Del Campo2, Mattia Dominioni7, Andrea Gritti7, Gaia Kullmann5, Laura Malerba9, Eloisa Mariani5,13, Fabiana Mambretti8, Cristiana Pavesi3, Benedetta C. Pietra4, Caterina Sabatini4, Pierangelo Veggiotti6, Maria Luisa Ventura5,13, Marco Villa8, Sonia Zatti9, Marzo Zecca7

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