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Theoretical and experimental analyses of rheological, compatibility and mechanical properties of PVMQ/XNBR-g GMA/XNBR/GO ternary hybrid nanocomposites

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Abstract

Effects of graphene oxide (GO) on various properties of rubber hybrid nanocomposites based on PVMQ/XNBR-g-GMA/XNBR (phenyl-vinyl-methyl-polysiloxane/carboxylated nitrile rubber-grafted maleic anhydride/XNBR) were identified. These nanocomposites were prepared with melt mixing method and fabricated by a laboratory two-roll mill. To evaluate the adhesion between the blend phases, i.e., PVMQ and XNBR, the results of microscopic and swelling tests were used simultaneously. The results showed that the adhesion of GO on PVMQ/XNBR rubber matrix was increased by the incorporation of XNBR-g-GMA as a compatibilizer. By increasing the amount of GO in the blend to 10 phr, the scorch time and curing time decreased by 24% and 26%, respectively, while the curing rate and maximum curing torque increased by 27% and 15%, respectively. Tear strength, hardness, and compression set of samples increased with increasing the GO content. The SEM images showed that the porosity of the prepared nanocomposites decreased from 17.34 to 4.84 µm for 5 phr GO. In the presence of a compatibilizer, the size of XNBR dispersed phase declined. This means that a stronger bond is formed between the blend phases. The results of TEM images also illustrated that the addition of compatibilizer to the PVMQ/XNBR rubber matrix resulted in excellent dispersion of GO nanoplatelets. To predict the mechanical and rheological properties, Mooney–Rivlin and Carreau–Yasuda models were applied, respectively. The parameters of these models were theoretically determined and compared with the experimental data, and a good agreement was observed.

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Abbreviations

\(\varepsilon_{{\text{m}}}\) :

Average strain

\(\varepsilon_{{\text{m}}}\) :

Total strain

\(\sigma _{{\text{m}}}\) :

Average stress

\({\text{A}}_{{\text{f}}}\) :

Strain concentration tensor

\(C\) :

Effective elastic modulus

\(S\) :

Eshelby tensor

\(\bar{\varepsilon}\) :

Average strain

\(\bar{\sigma }\) :

Average stress

n :

Number of nanoparticles

\(V_{{\text{i}}}\) :

Volume fraction of the of nanoparticles

\(V_{{\text{m}}}\) :

Volume fraction of the matrix

\(\varepsilon _{{\text{i}}}\) :

Strain tensor of the dispersed phase

\(\sigma _{{\text{i}}}\) :

Stress tensor of the dispersed phase

\({\text{A}}_{{\text{i}}}\) :

Strain concentration tensor for each nanoparticle

\({G}\) :

Effective shear modulus

\(K\) :

Bulk modulus

\(\alpha _{{{\text{f~}}}} ,\beta _{{{\text{f~}}}} ,\delta _{{{\text{f~}}}} ,{\text{n}}_{{{\text{f~}}}}\) :

Dimensionless parameters

p, k, n, m, l :

Hill’s model parameters

\(E\) :

Young's modulus

\({\text{m}}\) :

Sample mass

\({\text{m}}_{0}\) :

Initial mass

\(\left( {{\text{wt}}.{\text{~\% }}} \right)_{{{\text{PVMQ}}}}\) :

Weight percentages of PVMQ

\(\left( {{\text{wt}}.{\text{~\% }}} \right)_{{{\text{GO}}}}\) :

Weight percentages of nanoparticles

\(C_{1} , C_{2}\) :

Constants

\(\lambda\) :

Strain ratio

\(\sigma\) :

Applied stress

\(\lambda _{{\text{m}}}\) :

Maximum strain ratio

\(G_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Elastic modulus from the cross-linking constraints

\(\sigma _{{\text{M}}}\) :

Reduced stress

\(G_{{\text{e}}}\) :

Entanglement modulus

\(\varphi\) :

Volume fraction of nanoparticles

\(V_{{\text{C}}}\) :

Effective cross-linking density

{R 0 2 } :

Mean square end-to-end distance

R C :

Average square end-to-end distance of the cross-linking

N :

Average number of statistical segments

\(A_{{\text{c}}}\) :

Fluctuations of the effective cross-linking linkages

ρ :

Density of PVMQ

M S :

Molar mass of statistical segments for PVMQ

M C :

Mean molar mass of the cross-links

T :

Temperature

N A :

Avogadro’s number

k B :

Boltzmann constant

l S :

Average length of the Kuhn's statistical segment

n S :

Density of rubber segments

d 0 :

Tube radius

\(n_{{\text{e}}}\) :

Effective entanglements

\(v_{{\text{m}}}\) :

Poisson’s ratio

\(E_{{\text{m}}}\) :

Matrix Young’s modulus

\(\nu _{{12}}\) :

In-plain Poisson’s ratio

\(\nu _{{13}}\) :

Out-of-plain Poisson’s ratio

\(G_{{13}}\) :

Out-of-plain shear modulus

\(E_{3}\) :

Out-of-plain Young’s modulus

\(E_{1}\) :

In-plain Young’s modulus

\(\eta ^{{\text{*}}}\) :

Complex viscosity

n :

Shear-thinning exponent

\({\text{A}}\) :

Power law constant

ω :

Angular frequency

λ :

Relaxation time

a :

Yasuda factor

m :

Dimensionless power index

η 0 :

Zero-shear viscosity

σ 0 :

Yield stress

\({\text{G}}^{\prime}\) :

Storage modulus

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Acknowledgements

The financial support by Khazra Sazan Rad Polymer Parsian, Consulting Polymer Engineers is acknowledged by the authors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Islamic Azad University, Rasht BranchRasht, Iran

    Mohammad Javad Azizli & Masoud Mokhtary

  2. Zolal GostarRooz, Technical Inspection and Consulting Engineers CO, P.O. Box: 14139-74513, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Javad Azizli

  3. Asan Ro Lavin, Manufacturer of Polymeric Rollers CO, P.O. Box: 33191-53375, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Javad Azizli

  4. Khazra Sazan Rad Polymer Parsian, Consulting Polymer Engineers CO, Fars Science &Technology Park, P.O. Box: 71976-87811, Shiraz, Iran

    Mohammad Javad Azizli & Mehdi Joker Darabi

  5. Department of Rubber, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, P.O. Box, 14965-115, Tehran, Iran

    Mohammad Barghamadi

  6. Research Institute of Petroleum Industry, P.O. Box, 14857-33111, Tehran, Iran

    Katayoon Rezaeeparto & Somayeh Parham

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  1. Mohammad Javad Azizli
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Correspondence to Mohammad Javad Azizli.

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Azizli, M.J., Barghamadi, M., Rezaeeparto, K. et al. Theoretical and experimental analyses of rheological, compatibility and mechanical properties of PVMQ/XNBR-g GMA/XNBR/GO ternary hybrid nanocomposites. Iran Polym J 30, 1001–1018 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-021-00953-6

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13726-021-00953-6

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