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Effect of the structural complexity of aquatic macrophytes on epiphytic algal, macroinvertebrates, and their interspecific relationships

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Abstract

Aquatic macrophytes may have a significant effect on associated communities such as epiphytes and macroinvertebrates, which through the structural complexity of habitat, provide shelter, resources, and interspecific interactions. We tested the hypothesis that the structural complexity of macrophytes positively modifies epiphytes and macroinvertebrates and that the interspecific interactions of epiphytes and macrophytes positively influence macroinvertebrates by synergism of epiphyte availability and increased habitat complexity. The macrophytes presented different structural complexities, ranging from low (Cyperus articulatus), medium (Nymphaea pulchella) to high complexity (Eichhornia crassipes and Ludwigia helminthorrhiza). The richness, diversity, and biomass of epiphytes presented a significant difference and positive relationship with the increase of the structural complexity of the macrophytes. The synergism between the structural complexity of the macrophytes and the epiphytic biomass (r2 = 0.37; p = 0.0002), increased the biomass of macroinvertebrates (r2 = 0.47; p = 0.003). The functional traits of the epiphytes were directly related to the morphology of the macrophytes with the unicellular, pedunculated, and firmly adhered dominating. The dominance of these traits indicates the absence or low disturbance (e.g., rain) in the studied site. The responses of the functional characteristics of the epiphytes are important to understand ecosystem functioning and dynamics. Therefore, we conclude that epiphytes showed a positive relationship with the structural complexity of the macrophytes. Moreover, macroinvertebrates showed a positive relationship with the increased macrophyte morphological complexity and increased biomass of epiphytes. The management of macrophytes with different structural complexities can be a strategy to recover the biodiversity in tropical aquatic ecosystems.

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Data availability statement

Data, associated metadata, and calculation tools will be made available on request to the corresponding author (ariadne_moura@hotmail.com).

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Acknowledgements

We thank the Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq) for a productivity Grant to ANM (Process 304237/2015-9), and the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brazil (CAPES)—Finance Code 001. We also thank Cihelio Alves Amorim from the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Brazil, for his significant contribution to the revision of the text.

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    Silvano Lima do Nascimento Filho, Watson Arantes Gama & Ariadne do Nascimento Moura

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do Nascimento Filho, S.L., Gama, W.A. & do Nascimento Moura, A. Effect of the structural complexity of aquatic macrophytes on epiphytic algal, macroinvertebrates, and their interspecific relationships. Aquat Sci 83, 57 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00027-021-00812-9

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