Status and Perspectives on Rare Decay Searches in Tellurium Isotopes
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Double Beta Decay
- On the theoretical side, the simplest operator that obeys the gauge symmetry but violates L is the one that generates a Majorana mass for neutrinos, thereby providing a possible origin of the smallness of neutrino masses;
- On the other hand, the experiments with solar, atmospheric, reactor and accelerator neutrinos have provided compelling evidence for the existence of neutrino oscillations [21], thereby requiring neutrinos to be massive particles.
2.1. Double Electron Decay ()
2.2. Double Positron Decay ()
2.3. Positron Emitting Electron Capture ()
2.4. Double Electron Capture ()
2.5. Double Beta Decay to the Excited States
2.6. Double Beta Decay with Majoron Emission
3. Experimental Techniques
3.1. Calorimeter-Tracking Experiments
- Transition energy keV so that most natural gamma backgrounds are suppressed;
- Isotopic abundance to ease the enrichment process and source production.
3.2. Geochemical Experiments
3.3. Cryogenic Calorimeters
3.4. Liquid Scintillator-Based Experiments
3.5. Semiconductor Detectors
4. Te
4.1. Standard Model Decay Mode: Half Life Measurement
4.2. Beyond Standard Model Decay of Te
4.3. Te Decay to Excited States
5. Te
5.1. Standard Model Allowed Decay
5.2. Beyond Standard Model Transition
6. Te
7. Te
- 2 electrons from the L shell, in this case keV is assumed since , and (4.46, 4.15 and 3.393 keV, respectively) could not be resolved;
- 2 electrons from the K shell, this means that = 29.2 keV;
- 1 electron from the L shell, the remaining one from K shell.
- Electron capture from the K-shell only (the ratio of L-capture to K-capture is ∼10 % for most elements);
- The 511 keV photons resulting from the annihilation can either escape the detector or be absorbed in the same/a neighbor crystal and be detected as coincident events on multiple bolometers.
8. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
1 | Although the half life is a well defined observable for each emitter nucleus and is related to its full decay rate as , from now on we will refer to the half life of specific processes, replacing the full decay rate in the definition with the one specific to the process of interest. |
2 | Full Width at Half Maximum. |
3 | This result refers to the standard Majoron emission, with spectral index 1. |
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Isotope | Natural Abundance [%] | Decay Mode | Q-Value [keV] | [yr] | Ref. |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Te | 34.1668(16) | (g.s.) | [59,122] | ||
(g.s.) | > | [48,122] | |||
(g.s.) | > | [59,122] | |||
() | > | [49,123] | |||
() | > | [104,123] | |||
() | > | [104,123] | |||
Te | 31.7525(12) | (all modes) | 866.7(7) | [10,108,112] | |
(g.s.) | > | [49,108,112] | |||
() | > | [101,112] | |||
Te | 0.8854(6) | (g.s.) | 51.91(7) | > | [108,112,113] |
Te | 0.09(1) | (g.s.) | 1714.81(1.25) | > | [121,122,124] |
(g.s.) | > | [122,124,125] | |||
(g.s.) | > | [120,124] | |||
(g.s.) | >(1.9–6) | [80,124] | |||
(2) | keV | > | [80,124] |
Signature | Particles Detected | Released Energy [keV] | |
---|---|---|---|
(0) | 1 | (30.5, 692.8) | |
(1) | 1 | (541.5, 1203.8) | |
(2) | 1 | (1052.5, 1714.8) | |
(3) | 2 | (30.5, 692.8), 511 | |
(4) | 2 | (541.5, 1203.8), 511 | |
(5) | 3 | (30.5, 692.8), 511, 511 |
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Campani, A.; Dompè, V.; Fantini, G. Status and Perspectives on Rare Decay Searches in Tellurium Isotopes. Universe 2021, 7, 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7070212
Campani A, Dompè V, Fantini G. Status and Perspectives on Rare Decay Searches in Tellurium Isotopes. Universe. 2021; 7(7):212. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7070212
Chicago/Turabian StyleCampani, Alice, Valentina Dompè, and Guido Fantini. 2021. "Status and Perspectives on Rare Decay Searches in Tellurium Isotopes" Universe 7, no. 7: 212. https://doi.org/10.3390/universe7070212