Abstract
Weathering represents severe destruction to outdoor cultural rock heritages. In the process, biological weathering caused by microorganisms is known to be the key process. With abundantly available nutrients and a suitable climate, there is a higher abundance and diversity of microorganisms in moss and lichen biocrusts than on bare rock surfaces. However, few studies have been conducted on weathering in these microhabitats. In this review, we emphasize the role of microorganisms, mosses, and lichens in weathering; expound the various bioweathering phenomena on rock cultural heritages; discuss the major pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and archaea on rock cultural heritages; and compare the different bioweathering mechanisms on calcareous and siliceous rock substrates. More deeply, we explain the interaction between mosses and microorganisms and the weathering processes and mechanisms in these microhabitats and analyze why the weathering will be intensified in moss and lichen habitats. Finally, we provide a reference to establish a practical and effective method to protect rock cultural heritages from microbial destruction.
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Acknowledgements
We thank ShaoLei Song and Xueyi Peng for their technical support. We thank A.J.E. for English language editing.
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This work is financially supported by the National Key R&D Program of China (2019YFC1520500).
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Xueping Chen, Fayan Bai, and Jizhong Huang had the idea for the article; Xueping Chen, Fayan Bai, Juan Yu, and Shuang Bai performed the literature search and data analysis; and Xueping Chen drafted the work. Xueping Chen, Fayan Bai, Jizhong Huang, Yongsheng Lu, and Yuhuan Wu critically revised the work. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript, read, and approved the final manuscript.
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Chen, X., Bai, F., Huang, J. et al. The Organisms on Rock Cultural Heritages: Growth and Weathering. Geoheritage 13, 56 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00588-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12371-021-00588-2