Elsevier

Annales d'Endocrinologie

Volume 82, Issue 6, December 2021, Pages 590-596
Annales d'Endocrinologie

Original article
Growth hormone replacement improved oocyte quality in a patient with hypopituitarism: A study of follicular fluidAmélioration de la qualité ovocytaire par substitution d’hormone de croissance chez une patiente avec hypopituitarisme: étude du liquide folliculaire

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ando.2021.05.003Get rights and content

Abstract

Background

Growth hormone (GH) is known to be involved in ovarian folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. In patients with poor ovarian response without growth hormone deficiency (GHD), adjuvant GH treatment improves in-vitro fertilization (IVF) results. Improvement of oocyte quality in IVF by GH replacement was reported in only a few patients with GHD. We report on a new case with study of follicular fluid.

Methods

A 29-year-old patient with hypopituitarism was referred to our infertility center. She was undergoing hormonal replacement for hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and diabetes insipidus, and did not consider at first GH replacement. Four IVF procedures were performed between 2011 and 2014. Growth hormone replacement (somatotropin 1.1 mg/day) was initiated before the fourth IVF procedure and unmasked central hypothyroidism; levothyroxine (75 mg/day) was introduced. It took 10 months to reach the treatment objectives for insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1), free triiodothyronine (fT3) and free thyroxine (fT4). GH, IGF1 and thyroid hormones were measured in the blood and follicular fluid before and after GH and thyroid hormone replacement. Oocyte and embryo quality were also compared.

Results

The first 3 IVF procedures were performed without GH replacement. 62% to 100% of mature oocytes presented one or more morphologic abnormalities: diffuse cytoplasmic granularity, large perivitelline space with fragments, fragmentation of the first polar body, ovoid shape, or difficult denudation. Embryo quality was moderate to poor (grade B to D), and no pregnancy was obtained after embryo transfer. After GH replacement, hormones levels increased in follicular fluid: GH [7.68 vs. 1.39 mIU/L], IGF1 [109 vs. < 25 ng/mL], fT3 [3.7 vs. 2.5 pmol/L] and fT4 [1.45 vs. 0.84 ng/mL]. Concomitantly, there was dramatic improvement in oocyte quality (no abnormal morphologies) and embryo quality (grade A), allowing an embryo transfer with successful pregnancy.

Conclusions

This is the first report illustrating changes in hormonal levels in follicular fluid and the beneficial effect of GH replacement on oocyte and embryo quality during an IVF procedure in a patient with hypopituitarism. These results suggest that GH replacement is beneficial for oocyte quality in patients with GHD.

Résumé

Contexte

L’hormone de croissance (GH) joue un rôle dans la folliculogénèse ovarienne et la maturation ovocytaire. Chez les patientes sans déficit en GH ayant une mauvaise réponse ovarienne, le traitement adjuvant par GH améliore les résultats en fécondation in vitro (FIV). Seules quelques évaluations de la qualité ovocytaire chez des candidates à la FIV avec déficit en GH ont été publiées. Nous en rapportons un nouveau cas avec étude du liquide folliculaire.

Méthodes

Une patiente de 29 ans hypopituitaire a été adressée dans notre centre d’assistance médicale à la procréation. Elle bénéficiait d’un traitement hormonal pour un hypogonadisme hypogonadotrope et un diabète insipide et ne souhaitait pas de traitement par GH. Quatre tentatives de FIV ont été réalisées entre 2011 et 2014. La substitution par GH (somatotropine 1,1 mg/jr) a été initiée avant la quatrième tentative. Une hypothyroïdie centrale a été démasquée par le traitement par GH: la substitution par lévothyroxine (75 mg/jour) a été introduite. Les taux cibles d’l’IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor 1), la T3L (triiodothyronine libre) et la T4L (thyroxine libre) ont été obtenu après 10 mois de substitution. Les taux de GH, d’IGF1 et d’hormones thyroïdiennes ont été mesurées dans le sang et le liquide folliculaire avant et après substitution par GH et hormones thyroïdiennes. La qualité ovocytaire et embryonnaire a aussi été comparée.

Résultats

Les 3 premières tentatives FIV ont été réalisées sans traitement par GH. 62 % à 100 % des ovocytes matures présentaient une ou plusieurs anomalies morphologiques: granularité cytoplasmique diffuse, augmentation de l’espace périvitellin avec présence de fragments, fragmentation du premier globule polaire, forme ovoïde de l’ovocyte ou décoronisation difficile. La qualité des embryons était intermédiaire à médiocre (grade B à D) et aucune grossesse n’a été obtenue après les transferts d’embryons. Après le traitement par GH, nous avons noté une augmentation des concentrations hormonales dans le liquide folliculaire: GH (7,68 vs 1,39 mUI/L), IGF1 (109 vs < 25 ng/mL), fT3 (3,7 vs 2,5 pmol/L) and fT4 (1,45 vs 0,84 ng/mL). Parallèlement, nous avons observé une amélioration majeure de la qualité des ovocytes (aucun ovocyte avec anomalie morphologique) et des embryons (grade A), permettant un transfert d’embryon avec obtention d’une grossesse évolutive.

Conclusions

Il s’agit du premier cas objectivant les modifications hormonales dans le liquide folliculaire et l’effet bénéfique sur la qualité ovocytaire et embryonnaire d’une substitution par GH lors d’une tentative de FIV chez une patiente hypopituitaire. Ces résultats suggèrent qu’une substitution par GH améliore la qualité ovocytaire chez les patientes déficitaire en GH.

Introduction

Many factors are involved in in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes, and oocyte and embryo quality are critical issues. Pituitary hormones other than gonadotropin are known to be involved in folliculogenesis and oocyte maturation. Growth hormone (GH) and gonadotropic cycles are closely related throughout life, starting with the regulation of the onset of puberty. Studies have shown that GH and IGF1 (insulin-like growth factor) stimulate the hypothalamo-gonadotropic cycles at all levels. GH influences the release of gonadotropins. GH also has both direct and IGF1-mediated effects on the ovary, including estradiol production by granulosa cells and oocyte maturation [1], [2]. Few studies report the beneficial effect of GH replacement on ovarian stimulation in women with GH deficiency (GHD) [3], [4], [5], [6]. Improvement of oocyte quality in IVF was reported only in one patient with isolated GHD in 2018 [7]. The present work is, to our knowledge, the first case illustrating that an increase in GH/IGF1 in follicular fluid (FF) under GH replacement is associated with normalization of abnormal oocytes and improvement of embryonic quality during an IVF procedure in a patient with hypopituitarism.

Section snippets

Materials and methods

We report the case of a 29-year-old woman referred to our infertility center for treatment of acquired infertility due to hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The approval by an ethical committee was not required for a case-report but informed consent has been obtained for the publication of the case report and accompanying images. She developed hypopituitarism (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism, GHD, and diabetes insipidus) following radiotherapy and chemotherapy for a brain dysgerminoma diagnosed when

Results

The four IVF procedures are shown in detail in Table 1. For all of these procedures, when at least three follicles had reached a diameter ≥ 17 mm, a dose of 250 μg of recombinant human chorionic gonadotropin-rhCG (Ovitrelle®, Merck, France) was administered and oocyte retrieval was performed 35 h after hCG administration. The four IVF procedures were performed by intra-cytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). The endometrial thickness was optimal before all embryo transfers (between 7.5 mm and 8.5 mm).

Discussion

This case report illustrates the positive effect of GH replacement on IVF outcomes in a patient with acquired hypopituitarism. Initially, our patient did not want GH replacement. There is currently no consensus on the initiation of GH replacement in an adult population with hypopituitarism as there is for standard replacement therapy of glucocorticoids, thyroid hormones, or sex steroids. To date, no study has investigated the effect of GH replacement in patients with hypopituitarism who need

Conclusions

In patients with hypopituitarism wishing a pregnancy, GH replacement may be part of the preparation for optimal folliculogenesis. In clinical practice, endocrinologists and gynecologists should work together in the management of appropriate hormonal replacement during ovulation induction and/or IVF in these patients. Research on oocyte quality needs to be conducted. Animal models could be useful for explaining GH and thyroid hormone effects on oocyte quality, growth, and maturation in culture.

Disclosure of interest

The authors declare that they have no competing interest.

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