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The system value of optimized battery electric vehicle charging: a case study in South Africa

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Abstract

This study quantified the impact of future battery electric vehicle (EV) charging on the least-cost electricity generation portfolio in South Africa (RSA). This was done by performing a capacity expansion optimization of the generation fleet for the year 2040. It was assumed that there would be 2.8 million EVs by 2040, informed by global estimates. Two EV charging scenarios were tested, one using an aggregated fixed charging profile based on existing literature and another where the charging demand was optimized by the power system based on least cost. The results showed that additional capacity was required to meet the demand. For both scenarios, the least-cost capacity investment technologies chosen were the same, although the quantities differed. This indicates that the least-cost technology choice was robust against the charging profiles. The optimized charging profile led to lower system costs and a slightly higher energy share from solar relative to the fixed charging case.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the financial and other support from the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) and University of Pretoria which made this work possible.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Council for Scientific and Industrial Research, Pretoria, South Africa

    Joanne R. Calitz

  2. Electrical Engineering Department, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates

    Ramesh C. Bansal

  3. Department of Electrical, Electronic and Computer Engineering, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa

    Ramesh C. Bansal

Authors
  1. Joanne R. Calitz
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  2. Ramesh C. Bansal
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Correspondence to Ramesh C. Bansal.

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Appendix

Appendix

Technology cost input assumptions

Generation technology

CAPEXa ($/kW)

FOMb ($/kW/a)

Fuelc ($/kWh)

Coal (pulverized fuel)

2410.81

62.81

0.03

Coal (fluidized bed combustion)

2909.99

42.22

0.02

Nuclear

4109.25

65.81

0.01

Combined cycle gas turbine (CCGT)

610.13

11.22

0.07

Open cycle gas turbine (OCGT)

555.61

10.94

0.12

Biomass (forestry)

5061.18

112.51

0.03

Bagasse

1211.49

11.69

0.15

Biogas

5254.04

28.69

0.10

Landfill gas

2110.67

161.32

0.01

Pumped storage

1517.74

13.66

–

Wind

900.75

33.99

–

Solar PV (fixed)

628.28

13.60

–

CSP (9 h storage)

6339.90

68.59

–

  1. aAll costs in April 2016 Rand and using a USD:ZAR exchange rate of 14.71
  2. bFOM fixed operations and maintenance costs
  3. cFuel cost includes variable operations and maintenance costs

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Calitz, J.R., Bansal, R.C. The system value of optimized battery electric vehicle charging: a case study in South Africa. Electr Eng 104, 843–853 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00202-021-01345-y

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