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Target Spot Control and Modulation of the Physiology in Cucumber Using Phosphites and Chitosan

Kontrolle der Blattfleckenkrankeit und physiologische Änderungen bei Gurken durch Phosphite und Chitosan

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Abstract

Phosphites and chitosan were evaluated in target spot control, nutrition and gas exchange in cucumbers. Three weekly sprayings of commercial products were conducted, and Corynespora cassiicola (causal agent of target spot) was inoculated in the second and third true leaves four days after the last spraying. Zn, Mn, K and Cu phosphites reduced the disease severity, but the treatments had no effect on the development of the plants and the accumulation of macronutrients in the above ground part, with the exception of sulfur. The accumulation of Cu, Mn and Zn micronutrients were higher in plants treated with Cu, Mn and Zn phosphites, respectively. The green color index was influenced by the treatments after pathogen inoculation, with the highest values for Zn and Cu phosphites. Before inoculation, the products influenced net CO2 assimilation rate (A), stomatal conductance (gs) and internal CO2 concentration (Ci). The parameters gs and Ci increased, which indicates that the treatments can physiologically benefit the plants in the absence of a stress condition. After fungal inoculation, the Cu, Mn and Zn phosphites caused positive physiological effects, leading to the highest A values and adequate carboxylation efficiency (CE), which increases the capacity of plants to assimilate CO2. These phosphites also maintained adequate water use efficiency and gs and Ci values. Such indexes corresponded to lower disease severity, indicating that Mn, Zn and Cu phosphites reduced the stress caused by the disease, preserving the functionality of the photosynthetic apparatus.

Zusammenfassung

Phosphite und Chitosan wurden in Bezug auf die Kontrolle der Blattfleckenkrankheit, den Nährstoffstatus und Gasaustausch bei Gurken bewertet. Es wurden drei wöchentliche Spritzungen mit handelsüblichen Produkten durchgeführt und Corynespora cassiicola (Erreger der Blattfleckenkrankheit) wurde vier Tage nach der letzten Spritzung in den zweiten und dritten echten Blättern inokuliert. Zn‑, Mn‑, K‑ und Cu-Phosphite reduzierten die Krankheitsschwere, aber die Behandlungen hatten keinen Einfluss auf die Entwicklung der Pflanzen und die Akkumulation von Makronährstoffen im oberirdischen Teil, mit Ausnahme von Schwefel. Die Akkumulation von Cu‑, Mn- und Zn-Mikronährstoffen war bei Pflanzen, die mit Cu‑, Mn- bzw. Zn-Phosphiten behandelt wurden, höher. Der grüne Farbindex wurde durch die Behandlungen nach der Pathogeninokulation beeinflusst, mit den höchsten Werten für Zn- und Cu-Phosphite. Vor der Inokulation beeinflussten die Produkte die Netto-CO2-Assimilationsrate (A), die stomatäre Leitfähigkeit (gs) und die interne CO2-Konzentration (Ci). Die Parameter gs und Ci stiegen an, was darauf hinweist, dass die Behandlungen die Pflanzen physiologisch begünstigen können, ohne dass eine Stressbedingung vorliegt. Nach der Pilzinokulation verursachten die Cu‑, Mn- und Zn-Phosphite positive physiologische Effekte, die zu den höchsten A-Werten und einer adäquaten Carboxylierungseffizienz (CE) führten, was die Fähigkeit der Pflanzen zur CO2-Assimilation erhöht. Diese Phosphite sorgten auch für eine angemessene Wassernutzungseffizienz sowie gs- und Ci-Werte. Diese Indizes entsprachen einer geringeren Krankheitsschwere, was darauf hindeutet, dass Mn‑, Zn- und Cu-Phosphite den durch die Krankheit verursachten Stress reduzierten und die Funktionalität des photosynthetischen Apparates bewahrten.

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Funding

The conduct of the research was supported by the São Paulo State Foundation for Research Support (FAPESP) as part of the research project (2018/02966-3). The phosphites were donated by the fertilizer companies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Agency Paulista Agribusiness Technology - Regional Midwest Pole, Bauru, SP, Brazil

    Ivan Herman Fischer & Rosemary Marques de Almeida Bertani

  2. Integrated Colleges of Bauru, Bauru, SP, Brazil

    Lucas Meleiro da Silva

  3. School of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Crop Production, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP, Brazil

    Angélica Cristina Fernandes Deus, Vicente Mota da Silva & Marcelo de Almeida Silva

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  1. Ivan Herman Fischer
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I.H. Fischer, L. Meleiro da Silva, R. Marques de Almeida Bertani, A.C. Fernandes Deus, V. Mota da Silva and M. de Almeida Silva declare that they have no competing interests.

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Fischer, I.H., Meleiro da Silva, L., Marques de Almeida Bertani, R. et al. Target Spot Control and Modulation of the Physiology in Cucumber Using Phosphites and Chitosan. Gesunde Pflanzen 73, 521–531 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10343-021-00571-5

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