Abstract
A maximum wind gust speed of 79.3 kn was measured on 2 August 2011 at the Esenboğa International Airport (International Air Transport Association [IATA] code: ESB), which is located in Ankara, the capital of Turkey. This value is the highest maximum wind gust speed value measured at this airport over the last 60 years. At the time of this meteorological event, a thunderstorm with heavy rain (+TSRA) occurred, which reduced the runway visibility to 150 m. Total precipitation of 21.8 mm was measured during a 20-min period, and part of the apron was submerged. A multicellular severe convective storm (MSCS) caused this influential event. The purpose of this study is to investigate the meteorological conditions underlying this MSCS event. Synoptic and sounding reanalysis products obtained with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model (four nested domains were established with horizontal resolution of 27, 9, 3, and 1 km), in addition to satellite, radar, sounding, aviation routine weather report (METAR), selected aviation special weather report (SPECI), and automated weather observing system (AWOS) (on a minute basis) data obtained from the Turkish State Meteorological Service (TSMS), were analysed. During MSCS transition, the maximum radar-measured reflectivity value was 61.0 dBZ. Based on Stokes’ theorem, maximum runway divergence and convergence values of 15.0 × 10–3 and 19.3 × 10–3 s−1, respectively, were calculated. As a result, it was found that compared to the low convective available potential energy (CAPE) value of 978.9 J kg−1, the 0- to 6-km above-ground-level (AGL) deep layer shear was high, at approximately 40 kn.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
(source: David Babb, Pennsylvania State University; PSU, 2019)
(source: Google Earth)
source: UWYO, 2020)
source: Evet, 2019)
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ackerman, S. A., & Knox, J. A. (2012). Meteorology, understanding the atmosphere (third edition) (pp. 339–379). London: Jones & Bartlett Learning International.
Baltaci, H., Akkoyunlu, B. O., & Tayanc, M. (2018). An extreme hailstorm on 27 July 2017 in Istanbul, Turkey: synoptic scale circulation and thermodynamic evaluation. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 175, 3727–3740. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-018-1841-x
Bluestein, H. B. (2013). Severe convective storms and tornadoes (pp. 153–158). Chichester: Praxis Publishing.
Brooks, H. E. (2013). Severe thunderstorms and climate change. Atmospheric Research, 123, 129–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2012.04.002
Brooks, H. E., Lee, J. W., & Craven, J. P. (2003). The spatial distribution of severe thunderstorm and tornado environments from global reanalysis data. Atmospheric Research, 67, 73–94. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00045-0
Chmielewski, V. C., Bruning, E. C., & Ancell, B. C. (2018). Variations of thunderstorm charge structures in West Texas on 4 June 2012. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 123(17), 9502–9523. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JD029006
Dailymotion. (2020). Esenboğa Havalimanı-Fırtına. Retrieved August 15, 2020, from https://www.dailymotion.com/video/xkpir2#from=embediframe
Doswell, C. A., III. (1987). The distinction between large-scale and mesoscale contribution to severe convection: a case study example. Weather and Forecasting, 2(1), 3–16. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1987)002%3c0003:TDBLSA%3e2.0.CO;2
Doswell, C. A., III., Brooks, H. E., & Maddox, R. A. (1996). Flash flood forecasting: an ingredients-based methodology. Weather and Forecasting, 11(4), 560–581. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1996)011%3c0560:FFFAIB%3e2.0.CO;2
Doswell, C. A., III., & Evans, J. S. (2003). Proximity sounding analysis for derechos and supercells: an assessment of similarities and differences. Atmospheric Research, 67, 117–133. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-8095(03)00047-4
Eumetrain. (2021). Index of/rgb_quick_guides/quick_guides. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from http://www.eumetrain.org/rgb_quick_guides/quick_guides/
Evet, H. (2019). Çiftçiyi Dolu Vurdu. Retrieved May 02, 2019, from http://www.haberevet.com/3-sayfa/ciftciyi-dolu-vurdu-h360135.html
Fujita, T. T. (1990). Downbursts: meteorological features and wind field characteristics. Journal of Wind Engineering and Industrial Aerodynamics, 36, 75–86. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6105(90)90294-M
Golding, W. L. (2005). Low-level windshear and its impact on airlines. Journal of Aviation/aerospace Education and Research, 14(2), 8. https://doi.org/10.15394/jaaer.2005.1530
Haber, A. (2020). Esenboğa Kıyameti Böyle Yaşadı. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://www.airporthaber.com/borajet-haberleri/esenboga-kiyameti-boyle-yasadi-34029h.html
Haber, T. R. T. (2020). Esenboğa'nın Çatısı Yaz Yağmuruna Dayanamadı. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/esenboganin-catisi-yaz-yagmuruna-dayanamadi-4451.html
Haberler. (2020). Tav: Fırtına, Esenboğa Havalimanı'nda Hizmetleri Aksatmadı. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://www.haberler.com/tav-firtina-esenboga-havalimani-nda-hizmetleri-2908808-haberi/
Holton, J. R., & Hakim, G. J. (2013). An Introduction to Dynamic Meteorology (fifth edition) (pp. 154–157). Waltham: Elsevier Academic Press.
Hung, R. J., Tsao, D. Y., & Smith, R. E. (1983). Case study of Pampa, Texas, multicell storms. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 121(5–6), 1019–1034. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02590194
Johns, R. H., & Doswell, C. A., III. (1992). Severe local storms forecasting. Weather and Forecasting, 7(4), 588–612. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0434(1992)007%3c0588:SLSF%3e2.0.CO;2
Kelly, D. L., Schaefer, J. T., & Doswell, C. A., III. (1985). Climatology of nontornadic severe thunderstorm events in the United States. Monthly Weather Review, 113(11), 1997–2014. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1985)113%3c1997:CONSTE%3e2.0.CO;2
Knox, J. A., Frye, J. D., Durkee, J. D., & Fuhrmann, C. M. (2011). Non-convective high winds associated with extratropical cyclones. Geography Compass, 5(2), 63–89. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-8198.2010.00395.x
Kule, A. (2020). Esenboğa'nın Çatısı Çöktü & Tav'dan Esenboğa Açıklaması. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from http://www.airkule.com/haber/ESENBOGA-NIN-CATISI-COKTU/9758 & http://www.airkule.com/haber/TAV-DAN-ESENBOGA-ACIKLAMASI/9761
Kuster, C. M., Heinselman, P. L., & Schuur, T. J. (2016). Rapid-update radar observations of downbursts occurring within an intense multicell thunderstorm on 14 June 2011. Weather and Forecasting, 31(3), 827–851. https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-15-0081.1
Lynch, A. H., Cassano, E. N., Cassano, J. J., & Lestak, L. R. (2003). Case studies of high wind events in Barrow, Alaska: climatological context and development processes. Monthly Weather Review, 131(4), 719–732. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(2003)131%3c0719:CSOHWE%3e2.0.CO;2
MacGorman, D. R., Elliott, M. S., & DiGangi, E. (2017). Electrical discharges in the overshooting tops of thunderstorms. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres, 122(5), 2929–2957. https://doi.org/10.1002/2016JD025933
Mecikalski, R. M., & Carey, L. D. (2017). Lightning characteristics relative to radar, altitude and temperature for a multicell, MCS and supercell over northern Alabama. Atmospheric Research, 191, 128–140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosres.2017.03.001
MEVBİS (Meteorolojik Veri Bilgi Sunum Ve Satış Sistemi). (2020). Meteorolojik Veri Bilgi Sunum Ve Satış Sistemi. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://mevbis.mgm.gov.tr/mevbis/ui/index.html#/Workspace
Mitra, A. K., Parihar, S., Peshin, S. K., Bhatla, R., & Singh, R. S. (2019). Monitoring of severe weather events using RGB scheme of INSAT-3D satellite. Journal of Earth System Science, 128(2), 36. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12040-018-1057-6
Mohr, S., Kunz, M., Richter, A., & Ruck, B. (2017). Statistical characteristics of convective wind gusts in Germany. Natural Hazards and Earth System Sciences, 17(6), 957–969. https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-17-957-2017
NSW (National Weather Service). (2020). Watch, Warning, Advisory Definitions. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://www.weather.gov/lwx/WarningsDefined#High%20Wind%20Warning
Özdemir, E. T. (2018). Investigation of the storms of mega City Istanbul. Selcuk University, Engineering, Science and Technology Journal, 6(2), 331–342. https://doi.org/10.15317/Scitech.2018.136 in Turkish.
Özdemir, E. T. (2019). Investigations of a southerly non-convective high wind event in turkey and effects on Pm10 values: a case study on April 18, 2012. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 176, 4599–4622. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02240-1
Özdemir, E. T., Deniz, A. (2014). A Case Study Of The Wet Microburst On August 2, 2011 At Esenboga International Airport (LTAC). XXXII Ostiv Congress, Leszno, Poland, (abstract)
Özdemir, E. T., & Deniz, A. (2016a). Severe thunderstorm over Esenboğa International Airport in Turkey on 15 July 2013. Weather, 71(7), 157–161. https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.2740
Özdemir, E.T., Deniz, A. (2016b). Investigation of Severe Thunderstorms Over Esenboğa International Airport in The Last Decade. ERAD 2016, European Conference on Radar in Meteorology and Hydrology, Antalya, Turkey, 10th–14th October 2016, poster
Özdemir E. T., Deniz A., Sezen I., Aslan Z, Yavuz V. (2017). Investigation of thunderstorms over Ataturk International Airport (LTBA), Istanbul. Mausam, 68(1), 175–180. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://metnet.imd.gov.in/mausamdocs/268118.pdf
Özdemir, E. T., Kolay, O., & Yetemen, O. (2019a). A case study of rural area hail storm in Yomra, Trabzon, on August 31, 2017. Journal of Anatolian Environmental and Animal Sciences, 4(2), 243–250. https://doi.org/10.35229/jaes.573842
Özdemir, E. T., Yavuz, V., Deniz, A., Karan, H., Kartal, M., & Kent, S. (2019b). Squall line over antalya: a case study of the events of 25 October 2014. Weather, 74(S1), S1–S6. https://doi.org/10.1002/wea.3459
Pereira Filho, A. J., Vemado, F., & Karam, H. A. (2019). Evidence of tornadoes and microbursts in São Paulo state, Brazil: a synoptic and mesoscale analysis. Pure and Applied Geophysics. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-019-02276-3
PSU (Penn State University). (2019). Penn State University. Retrieved May 22, 2019, from https://courseware.e-education.psu.edu/courses/meteo361/www.e-education.psu.edu/meteo361/l5_p5.html
Regmi, G., Shrestha, S., Maharjan, S., Khadka, A. K., Regmi, R. P., & Chandra Kaphle, G. (2020). The weather hazards associated with the US-Bangla Aircraft Accident at the Tribhuvan International Airport, Nepal. Weather and Forecasting, 35(5), 1891–1912. https://doi.org/10.1175/WAF-D-19-0183.1
SFSU (San Francisco State University). (2020). San Francisco State University. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from http://tornado.sfsu.edu/geosciences/classes/m201/buoyancy/SkewTMastery/mesoprim/skewt/ki.htm
Sirdas, S. A., Özdemir, E. T., Sezen, İ, Efe, B., & Kumar, V. (2017). Devastating extreme Mediterranean cyclone’s impacts in Turkey. Natural Hazards, 87(1), 255–286. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-017-2762-1
Skamarock, W. C., Klemp, J. B., Dudhia, J., Gill, D. O., Barker, D. M., Duda, M. G., & Powers, J. G. (2008). A description of the advanced research WRF Version 3, Mesoscale and Microscale Meteorology Division. National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, Colorado, USA, 6. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://opensky.ucar.edu/islandora/object/technotes%3A500/datastream/PDF/view
Taszarek, M., Allen, J. T., Groenemeijer, P., Edwards, R., Brooks, H. E., Chmielewski, V., & Enno, S. E. (2020). Severe convective storms across Europe and the United States. Part I: climatology of lightning, large hail, severe wind, and tornadoes. Journal of Climate, 33(23), 10239–10261. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-20-0345.1
Taszarek, M., Allen, J., Púčik, T., Groenemeijer, P., Czernecki, B., Kolendowicz, L., et al. (2019). Climatology of thunderstorms across Europe from a synthesis of multiple data sources. Journal of Climate, 32(6), 1813–1837. https://doi.org/10.1175/JCLI-D-18-0372.1
Taszarek, M., Brooks, H. E., & Czernecki, B. (2017). Sounding-derived parameters associated with convective hazards in Europe. Monthly Weather Review, 145(4), 1511–1528. https://doi.org/10.1175/MWR-D-16-0384.1
TSMS (Turkish State Meteorological Service). (2020). Turkish State Meteorological Service. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from https://www.mgm.gov.tr/
UCAR (University Corporation for Atmospheric Research). (2020). AFWA Diagnostics in WRF. Retrieved August 16, 2020, from https://www2.mmm.ucar.edu/wrf/users/docs/AFWA_Diagnostics_in_WRF.pdf
UKY (University of Kentucky). (2020). University of Kentucky. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from http://weather.uky.edu/kind.html
UWYO (University of Wyoming). (2020). University of Wyoming. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from http://weather.uwyo.edu/upperair/sounding.html
Walawender, E., Walawender, J. P., & Ustrnul, Z. (2017). Geospatial predictive modelling for climate mapping of selected severe weather phenomena over Poland: a methodological approach. Pure and Applied Geophysics, 174, 643–659. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-016-1250-y
Weber, M. E., & Noyes, T. A. (1989). Wind shear detection with airport surveillance radars. The Lincoln Laboratory Journal, 2(3). Retrieved March 17, 2021, from https://www.ll.mit.edu/sites/default/files/publication/doc/wind-shear-detection-airport-surveillance-weber-ja-6400.pdf
Weisman, M. L., & Klemp, J. B. (1982). The dependence of numerically simulated convective storms on vertical wind shear and buoyancy. Monthly Weather Review, 110(6), 504–520. https://doi.org/10.1175/1520-0493(1982)110%3c0504:TDONSC%3e2.0.CO;2
Wow Turkey. (2020). Wow Turkey. Retrieved August 24, 2020, from http://wowturkey.com/forum/viewtopic.php?t=19297&start=125
Yavuz, V., Özdemir, E. T., Deniz, A. (2020). Nowcasting of a thunderstorm: the case study of 2 February, 2015 At Istanbul Ataturk International Airport. Mausam, 71(1), 21–32. Retrieved March 17, 2021, from http://mausamjournal.imd.gov.in/index.php/MAUSAM/article/view/3/3
Acknowledgements
The author is thankful to the TSMS for the provided meteorological data. In addition, the author acknowledges Ali Deniz, Şenol Erbay, Cem Özen, Veli Yavuz, Caner Kantemir, and Ömer Yetemen for their help. Thank you to David Babb for allowing the use of Figure 1. In addition, the author gives thanks to the Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey for the provided support. The author also acknowledges the editor and reviewers for their contributions to the improvement of the manuscript.
Funding
The author did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The author has no conflicts of interest to declare that are relevant to the content of this article.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Özdemir, E.T. A Case Study of a Multicell Severe Convective Storm in Ankara, Turkey. Pure Appl. Geophys. 178, 4107–4126 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02795-y
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00024-021-02795-y