Abstract
Some have claimed that moral bioenhancement undermines freedom and authenticity – thereby making moral bioenhancement problematic or undesirable – whereas others have said that moral bioenhancement does not undermine freedom and authenticity – thereby salvaging its ethical permissibility. These debates are characterized by a couple of features. First, a positive relationship is assumed to hold between these agency-related concepts and the ethical permissibility of moral bioenhancement. Second, these debates are centered around individualistic conceptions of agency, like free choice and authenticity, which hail from an atomistic tradition of autonomy. My view is that emphasizing individualistic conceptions of autonomy do not provide particularly strong foundations on which to argue about the issue of the permissibility of moral bioenhancement. This is because individualistic autonomy is not the kind of agency-related consideration we ought to value. Instead, I propose that we investigate the relationship between moral bioenhancement and a more relational kind of autonomy. Focusing on this latter relationship, on my view, clarifies the potential for moral bioenhancement to support or enhance people’s autonomy.
Similar content being viewed by others
Notes
I use ‘autonomy’ in a very broad sense here – autonomy might otherwise be referred to as the relevant freedom and agency concepts on which the permissibility of MBE hinges.
References
Douglas, Thomas. 2008. Moral Enhancement. Journal of Applied Philosophy 25 (3): 228–245.
Shook, John R., and James J. Giordano. 2017. Moral Bioenhancement for Social Welfare: Are Civic Institutions Ready? Frontiers in Sociology 2 (21): 1–5.
Shook, J.R. 2016. My Brain Made Me Moral: Moral Performance Enhancement for Realists. Neuroethics 9: 199–211.
Persson, Ingmar, and Savulescu, Julian. 2012. Unfit for the Future: The Need for Moral Enhancement. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Specker, J., F. Focquaert, K. Raus, et al. 2014. The ethical desirability of moral bioenhancement: a review of reasons. BMC Medical Ethics 15: 67.
Specker, J., M.H.N. Schermer, and P.B. Reiner. 2017. Public Attitudes Towards Moral Enhancement: Evidence that Means Matter Morally. Neuroethics 10: 405–417.
Ahlskog, R. 2017. Moral Enhancement Should Target Self-Interest and Cognitive Capacity. Neuroethics 10: 363–373.
Huang, P., and P. Tsu. 2018. Biomedical Moral Enhancement in the Face of Moral Particularism. Royal Institute of Philosophy Supplement 83: 189–208.
Schaefer, G.O., and J. Savulescu. 2019. Procedural Moral Enhancement. Neuroethics 12: 73–84.
Gibson, R.B. 2020. The epidemiology of moral bioenhancement. Medicine, Health Care, and Philosophy 1–10.
Zarpentine, C. 2013. The Thorny and Arduous Path of Moral Progress: Moral Psychology and Moral Enhancement. Neuroethics 6: 141–153.
Focquaert, F., and M. Schermer. 2015. Moral Enhancement: Do Means Matter Morally? Neuroethics 8: 139–151.
Harris, John. 2011. Moral Enhancement and Freedom. Bioethics 25 (2): 102–111.
Persson, I., and J. Savulescu. 2016a. Enharrisment: A Reply to John Harris about Moral Enhancement. Neuroethics 9: 275–277.
Persson, I., and J. Savulescu. 2016b. Moral Bioenhancement, Freedom and Reason. Neuroethics 9: 263–268.
Lavazza, A., and M. Reichlin. 2019. Introduction: Moral Enhancement. Topoi 38: 1–5.
DeGrazia, David. 2014. Moral enhancement, freedom, and what we (should) value in moral behaviour. Journal of Medical Ethics 40: 361–368.
Lewis, Jonathan. 2020. Autonomy and the limits of cognitive enhancement. Bioethics 1–8.
Dworkin, Gerald. 2015. The nature of autonomy Nordic Journal of Studies in Educational Policy 2.
Frankfurt, Harry. 1971. Freedom of the Will and the Concept of a Person. The Journal of Philosophy 68: 5–20.
Watson, Gary. 2004. “Free Agency” In Agency and Answerability: Selected Essays. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Hauskeller, Michael. 2017. Is It Desirable to Be Able to Do the Undesirable? Moral Bioenhancement and the Little Alex Problem. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 26 (3): 365–376.
Sparrow, R. 2014. Better living through chemistry? A reply to Savulescu and Persson on ‘moral enhancement.’ Journal of Applied Philosophy 31: 23–32.
Reichlin, Massimo. 2019. The moral agency argument against moral bioenhancement. Topoi 38: 53–62.
Persson, Ingmar, and Julian Savulescu. 2015. The Art of Misunderstanding Moral Bioenhancement Two Cases. Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 24 (1): 48–57.
Diéguez, Antonio, and Véliz, Carissa. 2019. "Would Moral Enhancement Limit Freedom?" Topoi 38(1): 29–36.
Hirschmann, Nancy J. 1996. Toward a Feminist Theory of Freedom. Political Theory 24 (1): 46–67.
Taylor, Charles. 1991. The Ethics of Authenticity. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Bublitz, J.C., and Merkel, Reinhard. 2009. Autonomy and Authenticity of Enhanced Personality Traits Bioethics 23(6): 360–374.
Kraemer, Felicitas. 2011. Authenticity Anyone? The Enhancement of Emotions via Neuro-Psychopharmacology. Neuroethics 4: 51–64.
Christman, John. 2009. The Politics of Persons: Individual Autonomy and Socio-historical Selves. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
Glannon, Walter. 2008. Psychopharmacological Enhancement. Neuroethics 1: 45–54.
Erler, Alexandre. 2012. One man’s authenticity is another man’s betrayal: A reply to Levy. Journal of Applied Philosophy 29 (3): 257–265.
Glannon, Walter. 2015. Neuroethics: Cognitive Enhancement. Oxford University Press: Oxford Handbooks Online.
Bolt, L.L. 2007. True to oneself? Broad and narrow ideas on authenticity in the enhancement debate. Theoretical Medicine and Bioethics 28 (4): 285–300.
Elliott, Carl. 2011. Enhancement technologies and the modern self. Journal of Medicine and Philosophy 36: 364–374.
Schaefer, G.O., Kahane, Guy, and Savulescu, Julian. 2014. Autonomy and Enhancement. Neuroethics 7: 123–136.
Parens, Erik. 2005. Authenticity and Ambivalence: Toward Understanding the Enhancement Debate. The Hastings Center Report 35(3): 34–41.
Lavazza, Andrea. 2019. Moral Bioenhancement Through Memory-editing: A Risk for Identity and Authenticity? Topoi 38: 15–27.
Walker, Mary Jean, and Mackenzie, Catriona. 2020. Neurotechnologies, Relational Autonomy, and Authenticity. IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 13(1): 98–119.
Ashford, Elizabeth. 2000. Utilitarianism, Integrity, and Partiality. The Journal of Philosophy 97 (8): 421–439.
Huang, Pei-Hua. 2015. Authenticity, Autonomy, and Enhancement. Dilemata 7 (19): 39–52.
Westlund, Andrea. 2009. Rethinking Relational Autonomy. Hypatia 24 (4): 26–49.
Nedelsky, Jennifer. 1989. Reconceiving Autonomy: Sources, Thoughts, and Possibilities. Yale Journal of Law & Feminism 1: 7–36.
Code, Lorraine. 2000. Perversions of Autonomy and The Subjection of Women. In Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency, and the Social Self, ed. By Catriona Mackenzie and Natalie Stoljar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Friedman, Marilyn. 2014. Relational Autonomy and Independence. In Autonomy, Oppression, and Gender, ed. Andrea Veltman and Mark Piper. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Mackenzie, Catriona, and Stoljar, Natalie. 2000. Introduction: Autonomy refigured. In Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency, and the Social Self, ed. By Catriona Mackenzie and Natalie Stoljar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Wenner, Danielle M. 2020. Nondomination and the Limits of Relational Autonomy. IJFAB: International Journal of Feminist Approaches to Bioethics 13(2): 28–48.
Friedman, Marilyn. 2000. Autonomy, social disruption, and women. In Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency, and the Social Self, ed. Catriona Mackenzie and Natalie Stoljar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Veltman, Andrea, and Piper, Mark. 2014. Introduction In Autonomy, Oppression, and Gender, ed. Andrea Veltman and Mark Piper. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Barclay, Linda. 2000. Autonomy and the social self. In Relational Autonomy: Feminist Perspectives on Autonomy, Agency, and the Social Self, ed. Catriona Mackenzie and Natalie Stoljar. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Oshana, Marina A.L. 2015. Is Social-Relational Autonomy a Plausible Ideal? In Personal Autonomy and Social Oppression: Philosophical Perspectives, ed. Marina A.L. Oshana. New York: Routledge.
Mackenzie, Catriona. 2019. Feminist innovation in philosophy: Relational autonomy and social justice. Women’s Studies International Forum 72: 144–151.
Person, Ingmar, and Julian Savulescu. 2019. The duty to be morally enhanced. Topoi 38: 7–14.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lee, J.Y. Revisiting Moral Bioenhancement and Autonomy. Neuroethics 14, 529–539 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-021-09470-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12152-021-09470-y