Abstract
Using a combination of physicochemical methods, such as TEM, SEM, EDS, XPS, NH3–TPD, and N2 adsorption, the study investigates the structure of a number of supports (Al2O3, SiO2, TiO2, ZrO2, and C) and of Au/support catalyst samples (Au = 0.5%). The concentration of highly active 2–4 nm gold particles in Au catalysts is influenced by the support’s texture; this concentration increases in the following order: Au/TiO2 < Au/ZrO2 < Au/C < Au/SiO2 << Au/Al2O3. The acidity of Au catalysts is influenced by the support’s nature; this acidity decreases in the following order: Al2O3 > TiO2 > ZrO2 > SiO2 >> Au/C. At 275°C, a carbon support is inactive in ethanol conversion to butanol. In the presence of oxide supports, the target reaction occurs at a relatively low rate by a bimolecular condensation mechanism. Over Au/Al2O3, Au/SiO2, Au/TiO2, or Au/ZrO2, the reaction occurs more rapidly by an aldol condensation mechanism. At an ethanol conversion of 14–18%, the butanol selectivity increases in the following order: Au/C(0) << Au/SiO2 (0.4%) < Au/ZrO2 (1.5%) < Au/TiO2 (2%) << Au/Al2O3 (78%). The high efficiency of Au/Al2O3 stems from the high density of the Aln+–O2– sites located on the support’s surface, and of the coordination-unsaturated Au0(KH) atoms located on the surface of 2–4 nm gold particles.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors are grateful to the researchers of the “Nanochemistry and nanomaterials” Center for Collective Use in the Lomonosov Moscow State University (MSU), and in particular to K.I. Maslakov, S.V. Maksimov, and S.V. Dvoryak, for their kind cooperation in the examination of samples using equipment acquired under the MSU Development Program.
Funding
The study on development of a technology for ethanol conversion to butanol was carried out within the framework of the state assignment for the TIPS RAS, and partially with financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (grant no. 21-53-12006).
The structural properties and correlations between the structure and activity of the supported catalysts were examined with financial support from the Russian Foundation for Basic Research (research project no. 20-33-90011).
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Translated from Neftekhimiya, 2021, Vol. 61, No. 4, pp. 504–519 https://doi.org/10.31857/S0028242121040067.
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Nikolaev, S.A., Chistyakov, A.V., Chistyakova, P.A. et al. Effects of Support on the Formation and Activity of Gold Catalysts for Ethanol Conversion to Butanol. Pet. Chem. 61, 748–761 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965544121050145
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1134/S0965544121050145