Improved water resource management framework for water sustainability and security
Introduction
Water supplies are distributed and handled throughout water conservation in the sense of a multi-layered, dynamic market for water resources. Rural Water Resources Management (RWRM), in terms of water availability and quality, is the mechanism for planning, improving, and maintaining water resources across all water uses, including agencies, utilities, incentives, and water quality information systems (Srivastava et al., 2019). Recently, rural area understanding has grown about the value of water conservation as population development, emerging technology, expanded food use, land use, and economic activity, among others, continue to escalate competition between water consumers to obtain access to natural resources (Rhoades et al., 2020). Adequate rural water quality for drinking water and water treatment facilities, food production and energy production, inland water transportation, recreational water availability, and maintaining sustainable habitats that rely on water supplies are used to ensure that water value is adequately handled (Jones et al., 2018). Rural water resources management leads to the development of effective irrigation operations in the future to improve agriculture. This valuable resource can be saved by the proper use of water in rural households (Yaqub et al., 2019; Javaid et al., 2019). The control of water helps us to use less water as necessary (Moon et al., 2019). The low benefit is directly extracted from greater access to water and sanitation by better hygiene, averted health costs, and time savings. Effective rural water resource management brings greater stability and production performance across economic sectors and leads to ecosystem wellbeing (Nie et al., 2020; Xiang et al., 2021a).
A rural supply network consists of components delivering drinking water from consolidated water and wells to water users for the effective water supply to fulfill residential, commercial, industrial, and fire-fighting requirements (SIMANCA et al., 2019). The rural water delivery system's role is to provide all the system customers with water at adequate pressure, safe and reasonable quality, and as economically as possible, inappropriate amounts for potable drinking water and fire safety (Castro Fernandez et al., 2020; Díaz-Casallas et al., 2019). The system aims to provide good quality, quantity, and water pressure for customers (Sakthivel and Saravanan, 2019). The delivery mechanism collectively defines the water supply services from their source to the point of use (Sathishkumar et al., 2020). In delivery pipes, the consistency of the water does not deteriorate to improve the water quality. (Krishnaraj et al., 2020). Rural water distribution advantages include convenient water sources, the opportunity to have good maintenance shared by a limited number of households, the supplementation of urban water systems that cannot meet all households, and the lower-income water supplies alternative (Ingram and Memon, 2020; Jha et al., 2020). The consistency and availability of water were some of the big issues in the history of humans. Rural bodies were established in many ancient civilizations. For fulfilling customer demands have risen with rising populations (Vardhini and Janardhana Raju, 2020; Bhavadharini, 2020).
The Internet of Things (IoT) idea provides the impression of interconnecting items in several working environments through sensor technologies (Pujar et al., 2020). It allows people to use continuing communications technology to access, control, and handle the activities and data of objects running under various information systems in their community (Gautam et al., 2020). A water distribution system monitors data from a wireless sensor node network and constantly monitors the hydraulic, acoustic, and water quality parameters (Khatri et al., 2020). The water protection IoT chapter aims to present integrated and monitoring by developing new expertise and novel methods concentrating on sustainable resource use (Nguyen et al., 2020). This chapter's primary focus is on IoT technologies for rural water and stormwater and the human and environmental effects of managing water pollutants (REDDY et al., 2020). The IoT technologies with sensors for waste and stormwater control, water quality measurement, treatment, and environmental management across networked ecosystems are applied (Chen et al., 2020).
Areas of economic growth, social advancement, and environmental integrity are crucial to water resources. A new solution is presented to suit water supply, distribution, and IoT quality control requirements. This study covers IWRM-DMS with technological progress employing sensors, gauge metres, flux metres, ultrasonic sensors, and rural city engines. THUS, the IWRM-DMS advises that rural demand for water and the water delivery system must be established to limit the water demand. The system presented comprises several sensors such as the water flow sensor, the pH sensor, and the water pressure valve. This water system, which handles residential water demand in the community, has been created. In the Decision Support System, mechanical intelligence was built to foresee the demand. The findings of the simulation indicate the applicability in real-time contexts of the proposed framework.
The water distribution system's design is important and a key role in supplying water to customers, based on the IoT-based architecture of WDS. This architecture design is based on the demand projection, based on historical water use data, and the local substation is responsible for the water supply. Therefore, proposed methodologies for forecasting water demand for customers regarding water delivery architecture are based on the historical evidence for water use.
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The IWRM-DMS is implemented primarily to focus on predicting the water demand in a rural area.
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The suggested IWRM-DMS evaluation mode for water quality improves the water distribution system by enhancing water resource management.
The remaining article is organized as follows: Section 2 comprises various background studies concerning predicting water demand and water distribution systems. Section 3 explores the proposed IWRM-DMS model for continuous monitoring the water distribution. Section 4 result and discussion. Finally, the conclusion with future perspectives is discussed in section 5.
Section snippets
Literature works
Maria Krommyda et al. (2020) suggested the Integrated Toolbox (ITB) engage citizens in monitoring the water ecosystem. Monitoring water ecosystems requires the reliable and precise calculation of sensors, typically given by conventional in-situ environmental monitoring systems. They include a state-of-the-art comprehensive toolbox that assists in organizing crowd-sourcing activities, ensuring user engagement, ensuring consistent data collection, introducing comprehensive data quality
IoT based Water Resource Management and Distribution Monitoring System (IWRM-DMS)
This paper discussed the rural water resources management and water distribution system based on IoT. The population of rural areas is growing increasingly due to migration from an agricultural region to rural areas. A new solution is proposed to satisfy the need for water needs, distribution, and quality control based on the IoT. Hence in this paper, IWRM-DMS has been proposed to determine the rural water demand and water distribution system to reduce the water demand. The system suggested
Results and discussion
The proposed IWRM-DMS has been proposed to evaluate the water quality to ensure water distribution in a rural area based on these parameters: ers MAPE and RMSE, efficiency, prediction, overall performance, moisture control, cost-effectiveness ratio. Thus, SARIMA model time series and regression analysis conducted water demand projections for three months daily. It combines hydraulic engineering architecture with the lowest losses for good water delivery to develop an intelligent water supply
Conclusion
This paper analysed and evaluated the rural water resources management and water distribution system based on IoT. Rural populations are gradually driven by migration from the farming area to the farmland. A new solution, IoT, is proposed to meet water requirements, distribution and quality control. This paper, therefore, suggests that IWRM-DMS define rural water demand and water delivery schemes to reduce water demand. The proposed system comprises several sensors such as the water flow
Credit roles
Conception and design of study: Sameh S Ahmed, Rekha Bali, Acquisition of data: Hasim Khan, Hassan Ibrahim Mohamed, Analysis and/or interpretation of data : Sunil Kumar Sharma.
Declaration of competing interest
The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper.
Acknowledgements
The authors extend their appreciation to the deputyship for Research & lnnovation, Ministry of Education in Saudi Arabia for funding this research work through the project number (lFP-2020- 16).
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