Abstract
In this study, the mixing quality of high-viscosity yield stress fluid (Carbopol aqueous solution) under laminar and turbulent flow regimes was evaluated through a numerical experimental study. A three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics large-eddy simulation (CFD-LES) model was employed to capture large-scale vortex structures. The proposed CFD model was validated by the experimental data in terms of mean velocity profiles and velocity-time history. Thereafter, the CFD model was applied to simulate the residence time distribution using the tracking technique: tracer pulse method and step method. In addition, the non-ideal flow phenomena caused by molecular diffusion and eddy diffusion were evaluated. The effects of the rheological properties on the mixing performance were also investigated. The presented results can provide useful guidance to enhance mass transfer in reactors with high-viscosity fluids.
Funding source: Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2018JJ2482
Funding source: Center for High Performance Computing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University
Author contributions: All the authors have accepted responsibility for the entire content of this submitted manuscript and approved submission.
Research funding: This work was funded by Natural Science Foundation of Hunan Province (No. 2018JJ2482) and the Center for High Performance Computing, Shanghai Jiao Tong University.
Conflict of interest statement: The authors declare no conflicts of interest regarding this article.
Nomenclature
- Cw
= WALE constant,-
- d
= The distance to the closest wall, m
- D
= Rate of deformation tensor, s−1
- g
= Gravitational acceleration, m·s−2
- Ls
= Mixing length
- k
= k–ε model kinetic energy
- K
= Consistency coefficient, Pa·sn
- m
= Papanastasiou regularization parameter, s
- n
= Power-law exponent, -
- p
= Pressure, Pa
- SC
= Scalar source term, kg·m−3·s−1
- Sij
= Strain tensor
- t
= Time, s
- u
= Velocity, m·s−1
- V
= The volume of the computational cell, m3
- x
= Coordinate, m
- Y
= Mass fraction, -
- Greek letters
- ρ
= Density, kg·m−3
= Yield stress, Pa
= Subgrid-scale stress, Pa
- μ
= Viscosity, Pa·s
= Diffusivity coefficient, m2·s−1
= Shear rate
= von Kármán constant
= Stress tensor
= Turbulent Schmidt number
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