Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

Phylogenetics and Pathogenicity of Balantioides coli Isolates in Vietnamese Weaned Pigs

  • Original Paper
  • Published:
Acta Parasitologica Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Purpose

This study aimed to investigate the diversity of Balantioides coli (B. coli) based on the 18S rDNA of isolates collected from weaned pigs with diarrhea and then select a B. coli isolate to determine its pathogenicity in weaned pigs through experimental infection.

Methods

The genetic analysis of field-isolated B. coli strains was based on sequencing of the partial 18S rDNA genetic fragment and the pathogenicity of an isolate of B. coli (DN2018-2-DTD) was identified through an experimental infection.

Results

The fourteen B. coli isolates shared 98.47–100% nucleotide similarity and were divided into two clades in a phylogenetic tree. In an infection experiment, a slight increase in the body temperature was identified in two infected groups as compared to that in the control group (P < 0.05) from days post-infection (dpi) 12–18 and from dpi 20–27. In the group infected with 3000 CPG/TPG, 2/9 pigs started to develop diarrhea on day two. In the group infected with 500 CPG/TPG, 8/9 pigs had diarrhea on dpi 3. Trophozoites/cysts of B. coli were firstly detected in feces on dpi 3 in a group of pigs infected with a dose of 3000 CPG/TPG, and CPG/TPG reached its peak at dpi 5 in both groups of infected pigs (35,450 and 13,250 CPG/TPG). There was a significant difference in the bodyweight of the control group (noninfected) as compared to that of the groups of infected pigs on dpi 7 (P < 0.05), 14 (P < 0.001) and 28 (P < 0.01). Lesions were solely recorded in infected pigs, including white ulcerative nodules with necrosis scattered in the mucosa of the colon and cecum on dpi 7, 14, and 28.

Conclusion

This is the first study to investigate the pathogenicity of B. coli in Vietnamese pigs to demonstrate that B. coli could induce necrotic ulcerative enteritis and diarrhea in weaned pigs.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

Data Availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

References

  1. Schuster FL, Ramirez-Avila L (2008) Current world status of Balantidium coli. Clin Microbiol Rev 21(4):626–638. https://doi.org/10.1128/CMR.00021-08

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  2. da Silva BA, Ponce-Gordo F, Dib LV, Antunes Uchoa CM, Bastos OMP, Pissinatti A et al (2017) First molecular characterization of Balantioides coli (Malmsten, 1857) isolates maintained in vitro culture and from feces of captive animals, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Vet Parasitol Reg Stud Rep 10:102–113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vprsr.2017.08.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Giarratana F, Muscolino D, Taviano G, Ziino G (2012) Balantidium coli in pigs regularly slaughtered at abattoirs of the province of Messina: hygienic observations. Open J Vet Med 2(2):77–80. https://doi.org/10.4236/ojvm.2012.22013

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Baskerville L, Ahmed Y, Ramchand S (1970) Balantidium colitis. Report of a case. Am J Dig Dis 15(8):727–731. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02235994

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  5. Cho HS, Shin SS, Park NY (2006) Balantidiasis in the gastric lymph nodes of Barbary sheep (Ammotragus lervia): an incidental finding. J Vet Sci 7(2):207–209. https://doi.org/10.4142/jvs.2006.7.2.207

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  6. Dorfman S, Rangel O, Bravo LG (1984) Balantidiasis: report of a fatal case with appendicular and pulmonary involvement. Trans R Soc Trop Med Hyg 78(6):833–834. https://doi.org/10.1016/0035-9203(84)90036-1

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  7. Knight R (1978) Giardiasis, isosporiasis and balantidiasis. Clin Gastroenterol 7(1):31–47 (PMID: 627102)

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  8. Ladas SD, Savva S, Frydas A, Kaloviduris A, Hatzioannou J, Raptis S (1989) Invasive balantidiasis presented as chronic colitis and lung involvement. Dig Dis Sci 34(10):1621–1623. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01537123

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  9. Sharma S, Harding G (2003) Necrotizing lung infection caused by the protozoan Balantidium coli. Can J Infect Dis 14(3):163–166. https://doi.org/10.1155/2003/829860

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  10. Ahmed A, Ijaz M, Ayyub RM, Ghaffar A, Ghauri HN, Aziz MU et al (2020) Balantidium coli in domestic animals: an emerging protozoan pathogen of zoonotic significance. Acta Trop 203:105298. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actatropica.2019.105298

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  11. Ismail HA, Jeon HK, Yu YM, Do C, Lee YH (2010) Intestinal parasite infections in pigs and beef cattle in rural areas of Chungcheongnam-do Korea. Korean J Parasitol 48(4):347–349. https://doi.org/10.3347/kjp.2010.48.4.347

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  12. Hindsbo O, Nielsen CV, Andreassen J, Willingham AL, Bendixen M, Nielsen MA et al (2000) Age-dependent occurrence of the intestinal ciliate Balantidium coli in pigs at a Danish Research Farm. Acta Vet Scand 41(1):79–83. https://doi.org/10.1186/BF03549657

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  13. Weng YB, Hu YJ, Li Y, Li BS, Lin RQ, Xie DH et al (2005) Survey of intestinal parasites in pigs from intensive farms in Guangdong Province People’s Republic of China. Vet Parasitol 127(3–4):333–336. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2004.09.030

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  14. Lai M, Zhou RQ, Huang HC, Hu SJ (2011) Prevalence and risk factors associated with intestinal parasites in pigs in Chongqing China. Res Vet Sci 91(3):e121–e124. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.01.025

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  15. Bauri RK, Ranjan R, Deb AR, Ranjan R (2012) Prevalence and sustainable control of Balantidium coli infection in pigs of Ranchi Jahrkahnd India. Vet World 5(2):94–99. https://doi.org/10.5455/vetworld.2012.94-99

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  16. Duong TM, Do DT, Tat TN (2014) A survey of infection intensity and various entero-sites invasion due to B. coli in weaning piglets at several farms in Southern Provinces, Vietnam. In: 23rd IPVS congress Mexico; Cancun, Mexico 2014

  17. Nguyen HP, Luong ATH, Nguyen HTH, Nguyen TT, Do DT et al (2018) Evaluation of pathogenicity of Balantidium coli in weaned pigs collected from several pig farms in Southern, Vietnam. In: International Pig Veterinary Society Congress; ChongQing, China

  18. Do DT, Luong ATH, Nguyen HTH, Nguyen TT (2019) Evaluation of pathogenicity of Balantidium coli protozoa in post-weaning pigs in some southern provinces. J Vet Sci Technol XXVI(1):62–69

    Google Scholar 

  19. Barbosa Ada S, Bastos OM, Uchoa CM, Pissinatti A, Ferreira Filho PR, Dib LV et al (2015) Isolation and maintenance of Balantidium coli (Malmsteim, 1857) cultured from fecal samples of pigs and non-human primates. Vet Parasitol 210(3–4):240–245. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.vetpar.2015.03.030

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  20. Barbosa ADS, Cardozo ML, Dib LV, Fonseca ABM, Uchoa CMA, Bastos OMP et al (2018) Comparative study of three xenic media culture for cultivation of Balantidium coli strains. Rev Bras Parasitol Vet 27(1):20–26. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1984-29612017075

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  21. Walsh PS, Metzger DA, Higuchi R (1991) Chelex 100 as a medium for simple extraction of DNA for PCR-based typing from forensic material. Biotechniques 10(4):506–513 (PMID 23599926)

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  22. Nilles-Bije ML, Rivera WL (2010) Ultrastructural and molecular characterization of Balantidium coli isolated in the Philippines. Parasitol Res 106(2):387–394. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00436-009-1673-9

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  23. Nguyen AHL, Nguyen DN, Nguyen TT, Do DT (2017) Optimizing the PCR protocol to detect Balantidium coli infeccted in pigs. J Agric Sci Techchnol 3:20–28

    Google Scholar 

  24. Szczotka A, Pejsak Z (2013) Balantidium coli in PMWS-suspected Pigs. J Comp Pathol 148(1):82. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.11.144

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors also express thank to personnels from Veterinary Hospital of Nong Lam University who support hugely for the study. The study was also carried out over 9 months long by a few students of Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine – Nong Lam University, Thu Duc district, Hochiminh city, Vietnam.

Funding

This research was supported by fund of Nonglam Universitty through science and technology project (Study Protocol # CS-CB16-CNTY-01).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Infectious Disease and Veterinary Public Health, Faculty of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Nonglam University HCMC, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Duy Tien Do ,  Mai Tieu Duong ,  Phuong Le Dinh Nguyen  &  Hai Ngoc Nguyen

  2. Research Center for Genetics and Reproductive Health, School of Medicine, Vietnam National University Ho Chi Minh City, Linh Trung Ward, Thu Duc District, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam

    Nam Minh Nguyen

Authors
  1. Duy Tien Do
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Mai Tieu Duong
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Nam Minh Nguyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Phuong Le Dinh Nguyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Hai Ngoc Nguyen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conceived of or designed study: DTD, NNH. Performed research: DTD, DTM, NMN. Analyzed data: NMN, NLDP. Contributed new methods or models: NMN, DTD, NNH. Wrote the paper: DTD, DTM, NMN.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Duy Tien Do or Hai Ngoc Nguyen .

Ethics declarations

Conflict of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

Ethics Approval

All the procedures were carried out in full compliance with the recommendations in the guidelines of Nonglam University Animal Ethics Committee (AEC), Nonglam University, Vietnam (NLU-191201).

Additional information

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Supplementary Information

Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.

Supplementary file1 (PDF 310 KB)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Do , .T., Duong , .T., Nguyen , .M. et al. Phylogenetics and Pathogenicity of Balantioides coli Isolates in Vietnamese Weaned Pigs. Acta Parasit. 67, 110–119 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00418-z

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11686-021-00418-z

Keywords

Search

Navigation