Abstract
Sulfonated pomegranate (Punica granatum) peel biochar (SPPBC) was developed via thermal activation with sulfuric acid (H2SO4) to act as a promising biochar material for the adsorptive removal of toxic cationic dye namely methylene blue (MB) dye from contaminated water. A Box-Behnken design (BBD) and numerical desirability function were adopted to optimize the input adsorption variables (SPPBC dosage, temperature, pH, and contact time). The maximum removal of the MB dye can be accomplished by simultaneous significant interaction between SPPBC dosage with solution pH, SPPBC dosage with time, SPPBC dosage with temperature, solution pH with time, and time with temperature. The numerical desirability function identified the highest MB dye removal (93.9%) can be achieved at the following optimum numerical adsorption conditions: SPPBC dosage 0.18 g, temperature 49 °C, pH 9.7, and time 4.3 h. Equilibrium data were well fitted to the Temkin and Langmuir isotherm models. The maximum recorded adsorption capacity of SPPBC for MB dye adsorption by using Langmuir isotherm model was 161.9mg/g. This research work reveals the possibility of converting lignocellulose pomegranate peel into a renewable and environment-friendly biochar via a relatively fast acid-activation process with the great potential to be promising adsorbent for removal of MB dye.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
M. Muthukumar, D. Sargunamani, N. Selvakumar and J. V. Rao, Dyes Pigm., 63, 127 (2004).
R. A. Rashid, M. A. M. Ishak and K.M. Hello, Sci. Lett., 12(1), 77 (2018).
Z. Ciğeroğlu, G. Küçcükyıldiz, A. Haşimoğlu, F. Taktak and N. Açıksöz, Korean J. Chem. Eng., 37, 1975 (2020).
H. A. Rafaie, N. F. M. Yusop, N. F. Azmi, N. S. Abdullah and N. I. T. Ramli, Sci. Lett., 15(1), 1 (2021).
J. Liu, A. Liu, W. Wang, R. Li and W. X. Zhang, Chemosphere, 237, 124470 (2019).
S. Shengli, L. Junping, L. Qi, N. Fangru, F. Jia and X. Shulian, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf., 165, 411 (2018).
Z. Chu, K. Chen, C. Xiao, D. Ji, H. Ling, M. Li and H. Liu, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., 108, 71 (2020).
M. Mourabet, A. El Rhilassi, H. El Boujaady, M. Bennani-Ziatni, R. El Hamri and A. Taitai, Appl. Surf. Sci., 258, 4402 (2012).
S. Wong, N. Ngadi, I. M. Inuwa and O. Hassan, J. Clean. Prod., 175, 361 (2018).
D. A. G. Sumalinog, S. C. Capareda and M. D. G. de Luna, J. Environ. Manage., 210, 255 (2018).
A. Nasrullah, B. Saad, A. H. Bhat, A. S. Khan, M. Danish, M. H. Isa and A. Naeem, J. Clean. Prod., 211, 1190 (2019).
Z. Li, D. Liu, W. Huang, X. Wei and W. Huang, Sci. Total Environ., 721, 137764 (2020).
R. Xiao, J. J. Wang, R. Li, J. Park, Y. Meng, B. Zhou and Z. Zhang, Chemosphere, 208, 408 (2018).
S. Rangabhashiyam and P. Balasubramanian, Ind. Crops Prod., 128, 405 (2019).
Y. Xu, Y. Liu, S. Liu, X. Tan, G. Zeng, W. Zeng and B. Zheng, Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res., 23, 23606 (2016).
L. Sun, D. Chen, S. Wan and Z. Yu, Bioresour. Technol., 198, 300 (2015).
X. Xiong, K. M. Iris, S. S. Chen, D. C. Tsang, L. Cao, H. Song and C. S. Poon, Catal. Today, 314, 52 (2018).
Y. Xue, B. Gao, Y. Yao, M. Inyang, M. Zhang, A.R. Zimmerman and K. S. Ro, Chem. Eng. J., 200, 673 (2012).
A. H. Jawad, R. Razuan, J. N. Appaturi and L. D. Wilson, Surf. Interfac., 16, 76 (2019).
F. A. Dawodu, O. Ayodele, J. Xin, S. Zhang and D. Yan, Appl. Energy, 114, 819 (2014).
S. Lim, C. Y. Yap, Y. L. Pang and K. H. Wong, J. Hazard. Mater., 390, 121532 (2019).
C. Li, Y. Gao, A. Li, L. Zhang, G. Ji, K. Zhu and Y. Zhang, Environ. Pollut., 254, 113005 (2019).
A. H. Jawad, A. S. Abdulhameed and M. S. Mastuli, J. Taibah Univ. Sci., 14, 305 (2020).
H. Li, Q. Deng, H. Chen, X. Cao, J. Zheng, Y. Zhong and S. Deng, Appl. Catal. A Gen., 580, 178 (2019).
Y. Li, F. Wang, Y. Miao, Y. Mai, H. Li, X. Chen and J. Chen, Bioresour. Technol., 307, 123165 (2020).
J. Choi, W. Won and S. C. Capareda, Ind. Crops Prod., 137, 672 (2019).
W. Pongkua, R. Dolphen and P. Thiravetyan, Chemosphere, 239, 124724 (2020).
A. Dalvand, R. Nabizadeh, M. R. Ganjali, M. Khoobi, S. Nazmara and A. H. Mahvi, J. Magn. Magn. Mater., 404, 179 (2016).
K. S. Sing, Pure Appl. Chem., 57, 603 (1985).
A. H. Jawad, S. H. Mallah and M. S. Mastuli, Desalin. Water Treat., 124, 297 (2018).
I. Normah and N. A. Nor Aryan Nabila, Sci. Lett., 13(1), 42 (2019).
V. K. Gupta, S. Agarwal, M. Asif, A. Fakhri and N. Sadeghi, J. Colloid Interface Sci., 497, 193 (2017).
N. N. A. Malek, A. H. Jawad, A. S. Abdulhameed, K. Ismail and B. H. Hameed, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 146, 530 (2020).
A. H. Jawad, A. S. Abdulhameed, N. N. A. Malek and Z. A. ALOthman, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 164, 4218 (2020).
S. Sheshmani, M. A. Nematzadeh, S. Shokrollahzadeh and A. Ashori, Int. J. Biol. Macromol., 80, 475 (2015).
S. Shengli, L. Junping, L. Qi, N. Fangru, F. Jia and X. Shulian, Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safe., 165, 411 (2018).
A. S. Abdulhameed, A. H. Jawad and A. T. Mohammad, Bioresour. Technol., 293, 122071 (2019).
S. Lagergren, Vet. Akad. Handl., 24, 1 (1898).
Y. S. Ho and G. McKay, Chem. Eng. J., 70, 115 (1998).
S. A. L. Bachmann, T. Calvete and L. A. Féris, Sci. Environ. Total, 767, 144229 (2021).
I. Langmuir, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 40, 1361 (1918).
H. M. F. Frenudlich, J. Phys. Chem., 57, 385 (1906).
M. I. Tempkin and V. Pyzhev, Acta Phys. Chim. USSR, 12, 327 (1940).
S. Kundu and A. K. Gupta, Chem. Eng. J., 122, 93 (2006).
M. A. Al-Ghouti and D. A. Da’ana, J. Hazard. Mater., 393, 122383 (2020).
H. Shahbeig, N. Bagheri, S. A. Ghorbanian, A. Hallajisani and S. Poorkarimi, World J. Modell. Simul., 9(4), 243 (2013).
T. Fazal, A. Faisal, A. Mushtaq, A. Hafeez, F. Javed, A. A. Din and F. Rehman, Biomass Convers. Biorefin. (2019), https://doi.org/10.1007/s13399-019-00555-6.
A. H. Jawad, D. T. Al-Heetimi and M. S. Mastuli, Iran. J. Chem. Chem. Eng., 38, 91 (2019).
M. Zubair, N. D. Mu’azu, N. Jarrah, N. I. Blaisi, H. A. Aziz and M. A. Al-Harthi, Water Air Soil Pollut., 231, 240 (2020).
S. Liu, J. Li, S. Xu, M. Wang, Y. Zhang and X. Xue, Bioresour. Technol., 282, 48 (2019).
B. Ji, J. Wang, H. Song and W. Chen, J. Environ. Chem. Eng., 7, 103036 (2019).
A. A. Babaei, S. N. Alavi, M. Akbarifar, K. Ahmadi, A. Ramazanpour Esfahani and B. Kakavandi, Desalin. Water Treat., 57, 27199 (2016).
Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, S. Li, W. Zhong and W. Wei, J. Mol. Liq., 268, 658 (2018).
Z. Mahdi, A. El Hanandeh and Q. Yu, Waste Biomass Valori., 8, 2061 (2017).
R. Ghibate, O. Senhaji and R. Taouil, Case Stud. Chem. Environ. Eng., 3, 100078 (2021).
X. Li, D. Han, M. Zhang, B. Li, Z. Wang, Z. Gong and X. Yang, Colloids Surf. A Physicochem. Eng. Asp., 578, 123505 (2019).
L. Ai, C. Zhang, F. Liao, Y. Wang, M. Li, L. Meng and J. Jiang, J. Hazard. Mater., 198, 282 (2011).
Z. Jia, Z. Li, S. Li, Y. Li and R. Zhu, J. Mol. Liq., 220, 56 (2016).
Z. Zhang and X. Xu, Chem. Eng. J., 256, 85 (2014).
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the Faculty of Applied Sciences, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Malaysia for facilitating this research work. The authors (Zeid A. ALOthman and Mohammad Rizwan Khan) are grateful to the Deanship of Scientific Research, King Saud University for funding through Vice Deanship of Scientific Research Chairs.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Jawad, A.H., Abdulhameed, A.S., Hanafiah, M.A.K.M. et al. Numerical desirability function for adsorption of methylene blue dye by sulfonated pomegranate peel biochar: Modeling, kinetic, isotherm, thermodynamic, and mechanism study. Korean J. Chem. Eng. 38, 1499–1509 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0801-9
Received:
Revised:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11814-021-0801-9