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An inventory of the ferns and lycophytes of the Lower Tapajós River Basin in the Brazilian Amazon reveals collecting biases, sampling gaps, and previously undocumented diversity

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Abstract

Ferns and lycophytes are an excellent group for conservation and species distribution studies because they are closely related to environmental changes. In this study, we analyzed collection gaps, sampling biases, richness distribution, and the species conservation effectiveness of protected areas in the Lower Tapajós River Basin using ferns and lycophytes as a model group. We built a database based on herbarium specimens that were taxonomically verified and georeferenced. We then examined the relationship between sampling effort and documented species richness and tested for collection bias towards access routes (navigable rivers and roads). We made a comparison of species composition among the study areas and sixteen other areas in the Brazilian Amazon using non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) and tested whether floristic similarity was correlated with geographic distance. We found that more than 92% of the area is unsampled and that collecting effort is highly biased towards areas along access routes, such as roads and navigable rivers. Only four out of the seven protected areas in the Lower Tapajós Basin had records of ferns and lycophytes. We present here species checklists for those areas. In total, we recorded 151 species of 60 genera and 24 families. Five species are new records for the state of Pará, and nine out of the 151 species recorded occur only outside protected areas. Species composition is most similar among areas sharing similar vegetation types; geographic closeness does not necessarily reflect floristic similarity. We conclude that the fern and lycophyte flora the Brazilian Amazon is still far from complete and recommend the direction of future collection efforts to other under-sampled portions of the region. Such a sampling strategy will reduce sampling bias and providing a better knowledge base for the conservation of Amazonian fern and lycophyte diversity.

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Acknowledgments

This study was partially financed by the Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - Brasil (CAPES) – financing code 001. We also acknowledge the financial support of the National Science Foundation through a grant to the New York Botanical Garden (DEB-1456232; Principal Investigator: BMT). We thank the curators of the herbaria INPA and MG for allowing access to their specimens, Maria Jociléia Soares da Silva and ICMBio for their assistance with fieldwork and obtaining collection permits, and Alexandre Salino, André Luis de Gasper, Augusto Santiago, Gustavo Heringer, Rafaela Forzza, Thiago André, and the anonymous reviewers that contributed to the improvement of this work since its conception.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Biodiversidade, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, R. Vera Paz, s/n - Salé, Santarém, Pará, 68040-470, Brazil

    Marise Helen Vale de Oliveira & Thaís Elias Almeida

  2. Institute of Systematic Botany, New York Botanical Garden, 2900 Southern Boulevard, Bronx, NY, 10458-5126, USA

    Benjamin M. Torke

  3. Herbário HSTM, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, Av. Marechal Rondon, s.n., Santarém, Pará, 68040-070, Brazil

    Marise Helen Vale de Oliveira & Thaís Elias Almeida

Authors
  1. Marise Helen Vale de Oliveira
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  2. Benjamin M. Torke
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  3. Thaís Elias Almeida
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Correspondence to Marise Helen Vale de Oliveira.

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Appendices

Appendix 1

Appendix 1 Lycophyte species found in the Lower Tapajós Basin. Representative herbarium vouchers are cited for each protected area were the taxon is present and a single voucher for occurrence outside of protected areas. Abbreviations are as follows: H = habits (A=aquatic, E=epiphyte, R=rupicolous, T=terrestrial); NR = new records for the state of Pará = PA; Origin (N = Native); FLONA = Floresta Nacional; PARNA = Parque Nacional; APA = Área de Proteção Ambiental; RESEX = Reserva Extrativista.
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Appendix 2

Appendix 2 Fern species found in the Lower Tapajós region. Representative herbarium vouchers are cited for each protected area where the taxon is present and a single voucher for occurrence outside of protected areas. Origin (N = native, I = introduced and naturalized); other abbreviations are as in Appendix 1.
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de Oliveira, M.H.V., Torke, B.M. & Almeida, T.E. An inventory of the ferns and lycophytes of the Lower Tapajós River Basin in the Brazilian Amazon reveals collecting biases, sampling gaps, and previously undocumented diversity. Brittonia 73, 459–480 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-021-09668-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12228-021-09668-7

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