Abstract
Carbide lime is a by-product obtained during the manufacturing of acetylene from the reaction of calcium carbide and water. A major portion of carbide lime is dumped in waste deposition areas, creating an environmental problem. Carbide lime and fly ash have possible applications in slope stabilization, subgrade improvement of roads, and soil treatments under shallow foundations. A series of Atterberg limits tests, compaction tests, unconfined compressive strength tests, ultrasonic pulse velocity tests, and wetting–drying tests were performed on carbide lime and fly ash treated clay soils to evaluate the effects of additive content, curing time, strength development, and the effects of wetting and drying. A total of 8% of carbide lime constituted the fixation point, and peak strength was achieved at 12% carbide lime content. A total amount of 25% additive was found as a threshold changing the Atterberg limits. Test results indicated that the strength of the treated soil improved by the existence of carbide lime and fly ash; best performance was observed in 28-day specimens with 10% carbide lime and 20% fly ash content reaching to 8 times larger strength than untreated soil. The failure patterns of the specimens reflected the curing time and wetting–drying effects. Although, the application of wetting–drying cycles deteriorated the treated soil, the presence of carbide lime partially prevented the strength loss. New relationships between normalized strength and curing time depending on carbide lime content were proposed. Furthermore, a linear relationship between the unconfined compressive strength and the ultrasonic pulse velocity of the treated soils was established.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Amnadnua K, Tangchirapat W, Jaturapitakkul C (2013) Strength, water permeability, and heat evolution of high strength concrete made from the mixture of calcium carbide residue and fly ash. Mater Des 51:894–901. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2013.04.099
ASTM (2012) Standard test methods for laboratory compaction characteristics of soil using standard effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)). ASTM Int D698:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1520/D0698-12E01.1
ASTM (2015) Standard test methods for wetting and drying compacted soil-cement mixtures. ASTM Int D559:1–6. https://doi.org/10.1520/D0559-03.Annual
ASTM (2016a) Standard test method for unconfined compressive strength of cohesive soil. ASTM Int D2166:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2166
ASTM (2016b) Standard test method for pulse velocity through concrete. ASTM Int C597:4. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0597-16.2
ASTM (2017a) Standard practice for classification of soils for engineering purposes (Unified Soil Classification System). ASTM Int D2487:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1520/D2487-11
ASTM (2017b) Standard test methods for liquid limit, plastic limit, and plasticity index of soils. ASTM Int D4318:1–20. https://doi.org/10.1520/D4318-10
ASTM (2019a) Standard specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural Pozzolan for use in concrete. ASTM Int C618:1–5. https://doi.org/10.1520/C0618-19
ASTM D6276 (2019b) Standard test method for using pH to estimate the soil-lime proportion requirement for soil stabilization. ASTM Int D6276:1–4. https://doi.org/10.1520/D6276-19
Auvinet GY (2019) XVI Pan-American conference on soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, Cancún, México. In: Geotechnical engineering in spatially variable soft soils. The case of Mexico City. The 9th Arthur Casagrande Lecture, pp 5–107
Bozbey I, Garaisayev S (2010) Effects of soil pulverization quality on lime stabilization of an expansive clay. Environ Earth Sci 60:1137–1151. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-009-0256-5
Cheng Y, Wang S, Li J et al (2018) Engineering and mineralogical properties of stabilized expansive soil compositing lime and natural pozzolans. Constr Build Mater 187:1031–1038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.08.061
Connelly J, Jensen W, Harmon P (2008) Proctor compaction testing. Nebraska Department of Transportation Research Reports, p 25
Consoli NC, Carraro JAH, Ferreira FC, Fraga J (1997) Aspects of the utilization of industrial by-products for soil improvement. In: Environmental engineering. Contaminated ground: fate of pollutants and remediation. Proc Of Conference Organised By The British Geotechnical Society and the Cardiff School Of Engineering, University Of Wales, Held Cardiff, pp 391–396
Consoli NC, Da Silva LL, Foppa D, Heineck KS (2009) Key parameters dictating strength of lime/cement-treated soils. Proc Inst Civ Eng Geotech Eng 162:111–118. https://doi.org/10.1680/geng.2009.162.2.111
Consoli NC, Marin EJB, Samaniego RAQ et al (2019) Use of sustainable binders in soil stabilization. J Mater Civ Eng 31:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0002571
Consoli NC, Prietto PDM, Carraro JAH, Heineck KS (2001) Behavior of compacted soil-fly ash-carbide lime mixtures. J Geotech Geoenviron Eng 127(9):774–782
Consoli NC, Saldanha RB, Mallmann JEC et al (2017) Enhancement of strength of coal fly ash–carbide lime blends through chemical and mechanical activation. Constr Build Mater 157:65–74. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2017.09.091
Du YJ, Zhang YY, Liu SY (2011) Investigation of strength and California bearing ratio properties of natural soils treated by calcium carbide residue. Geotech Spec Publ 41165:1237–1244. https://doi.org/10.1061/41165(397)127
Eskişar T, Altun S, Kalipcilar T (2015) Assessment of strength development and freeze-thaw performance of cement treated clays at different water contents. Cold Reg Sci Technol 111. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.coldregions.2014.12.008
Eti Electrometallurgy Inc. (2021) About us. In: Our Hist. http://www.etimet.com/tr/hakkimizda. Accessed 11 Mar 2021
Gadouri H, Harichane K, Ghrici M (2019) Assessment of sulphates effect on pH and pozzolanic reactions of soil–lime–natural pozzolana mixtures. Int J Pavement Eng 20:761–774. https://doi.org/10.1080/10298436.2017.1337119
Horpibulsuk S, Phetchuay C, Chinkulkijniwat A (2012) Soil stabilization by calcium carbide residue and fly ash. J Mater Civ Eng 24:184–193. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000370
Horpibulsuk S, Phetchuay C, Chinkulkijniwat A, Cholaphatsorn A (2013) Strength development in silty clay stabilized with calcium carbide residue and fly ash. Soils Found 53:477–486. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.06.001
Horpibulsuk S, Rachan R, Raksachon Y (2009) Role of fly ash on strength and microstructure development in blended cement stabilized silty clay. Soils Found 49:85–98. https://doi.org/10.3208/sandf.49.85
Horpibulsuk S, Rachan R, Suddeepong A (2011) Assessment of strength development in blended cement admixed Bangkok clay. Constr Build Mater 25:1521–1531. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.08.006
Jaturapitakkul C, Roongreung B (2003) Cementing material from calcium carbide residue-rice husk ash. J Mater Civ Eng 15:470–475. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2003)15:5(470)
Jiang NJ, Du YJ, Liu SY et al (2016) Multi-scale laboratory evaluation of the physical, mechanical, and microstructural properties of soft highway subgrade soil stabilized with calcium carbide residue. Can Geotech J 53:373–383. https://doi.org/10.1139/cgj-2015-0245
Jongpradist P, Jumlongrach N, Youwai S, Chucheepsakul S (2010) Influence of fly ash on unconfined compressive strength of cement-admixed clay at high water content. J Mater Civ Eng 22:49–58. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)0899-1561(2010)22:1(49)
Kampala A, Horpibulsuk S (2013) Engineering properties of silty clay stabilized with calcium carbide residue. J Mater Civ Eng 25:632–644. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000618
Kampala A, Horpibulsuk S, Chinkullijniwat A, Shen SL (2013) Engineering properties of recycled Calcium Carbide Residue stabilized clay as fill and pavement materials. Constr Build Mater 46:203–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2013.04.037
Kampala A, Horpibulsuk S, Prongmanee N, Chinkulkijniwat A (2014) Influence of wet-dry cycles on compressive strength of calcium carbide residue-fly ash stabilized clay. J Mater Civ Eng 26:633–643. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0000853
Keybondori S, Abdi E (2021) Lime stabilization to improve clay-textured forest soil road subgrades. Int J For Eng 00:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1080/14942119.2021.1876476
Latifi N, Meehan CL (2017) Strengthening of montmorillonitic and kaolinitic clays with calcium carbide residue: a sustainable additive for soil stabilization. Geotech Spec Publ 154–163. https://doi.org/10.1061/9780784480441.017
Lemos SGFP, Almeida MDSS, Consoli NC et al (2020) Field and laboratory investigation of highly organic clay stabilized with portland cement. J Mater Civ Eng 32:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003111
Leon HB, Da Silva CM, Azevedo MB et al (2020) Statistical analysis of the influence of curing time and temperature on compressive strength of sandy soil stabilized with sustainable binder. J Test Eval 48:2441–2458. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20180763
Liu Y, Chang CW, Namdar A et al (2019) Stabilization of expansive soil using cementing material from rice husk ash and calcium carbide residue. Constr Build Mater 221:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2019.05.157
Look B (2012) Quality control specifications for large earthworks projects. In: Indraratna B, Rujikiatkamjorn C, Vinod JS (eds) Proceedings of the International Conference on Ground Improvement and Ground Control, pp 1113–1118
Mahedi M, Cetin B, White DJ (2020) Cement, lime, and fly ashes in stabilizing expansive soils: performance evaluation and comparison. J Mater Civ Eng 32:1–16. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)MT.1943-5533.0003260
Moon SW, Vinoth G, Subramanian S et al (2020) Effect of fine particles on strength and stiffness of cement treated sand. Granul Matter 22:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10035-019-0975-6
Noolu V, HL M, Pillai RJ (2018) Resilient modulus of clayey subgrade soils treated with calcium carbide residue. Int J Geotech Eng 00:1–10. https://doi.org/10.1080/19386362.2018.1512230
Oluwatuyi OE, Ojuri OO, Khoshghalb A (2020) Cement-lime stabilization of crude oil contaminated kaolin clay. J Rock Mech Geotech Eng 12:160–167. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrmge.2019.07.010
Panzera TH, Christoforo AL, de Paiva Cota F et al (2011) Ultrasonic pulse velocity evaluation of cementitious materials. In: Tesinova P (ed) Advances in composite materials - analysis of natural and man-made materials. InTech, pp 411–436
Phoo-ngernkham T, Phiangphimai C, Intarabut D et al (2020) Low cost and sustainable repair material made from alkali-activated high-calcium fly ash with calcium carbide residue. Constr Build Mater 247:118543. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2020.118543
Quant B (1987) Fly-ashes in soil improvement. In: Environmental Technology. pp 349–351
Saldanha RB, Consoli NC (2016) Accelerated mix design of lime stabilized materials. J Mater Civ Eng 28:06015012. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0001437
Saldanha RB, Scheuermann Filho HC, Mallmann JEC et al (2018) Physical–mineralogical–chemical characterization of carbide lime: an environment-friendly chemical additive for soil stabilization. J Mater Civ Eng 30:06018004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0002283
Siddiqua S, Barreto PNM (2018) Chemical stabilization of rammed earth using calcium carbide residue and fly ash. Constr Build Mater 169:364–371. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2018.02.209
Turkish Statistical Institution (2019) Thermal Power Plant, Water, Wastewater and Waste Statistics 2018. https://tuikweb.tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=30674. Accessed 11 Mar 2021
Vichan S, Rachan R (2013) Chemical stabilization of soft Bangkok clay using the blend of calcium carbide residue and biomass ash. Soils Found 53:272–281. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.sandf.2013.02.007
Zhang Y, Daniels JL, Cetin B, Baucom IK (2020) Effect of temperature on pH, conductivity, and strength of lime-stabilized soil. J Mater Civ Eng 32:04019380. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)mt.1943-5533.0003062
Zhu F, Li Z, Dong W, Ou Y (2019) Geotechnical properties and microstructure of lime-stabilized silt clay. Bull Eng Geol Environ 78:2345–2354. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-018-1307-5
Funding
A part of this research was funded by Ege University—Scientific Research Projects Center, Turkey, with Grant No: 17 MUH 032.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Eskisar, T. The role of carbide lime and fly ash blends on the geotechnical properties of clay soils. Bull Eng Geol Environ 80, 6343–6357 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02326-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-021-02326-y