Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Epigenetics in psoriasis: perspective of DNA methylation

  • Review
  • Published:
Molecular Genetics and Genomics Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease characterized by excessive proliferation of keratinocytes (KCs). Onset of psoriasis is related to genetic, immune and environmental factors. The environment can interact with the genome through epigenetic modifications, including DNA methylation, and this modification is involved in the pathogenesis of psoriasis. In addition to a skin disease, psoriasis is also considered a systemic disease. We reviewed the current literature of psoriatic DNA methylation for studies from several aspects on the DNA methylation distribution patterns in different tissues/cells, single-nucleotide polymorphisms, and candidate disease genes and identified target genes regulated by DNA methylation that have been directly/indirectly validated. This review contributes to a comprehensive understanding of the important a role that DNA methylation plays in psoriasis from a holistic perspective and will promote the implementation of DNA methylation in diagnostic and therapeutic strategies for psoriatic patients.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1

Similar content being viewed by others

Availability of data and material

Not applicable.

Code availability

Not applicable.

References

  • Aggarwal S, Pittenger MF (2015) Human mesenchymal stem cells modulate allogeneic immune cell responses. Blood 105:1815–1823

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Backer S, Lokmane L, Landragin C, Deck M, Garel S, Bloch-Gallego E (2018) Trio GEF mediates RhoA activation downstream of Slit2 and coordinates telencephalic wiring. Development 145:dev153692

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Broome AM, Ryan D, Eckert RL (2003) S100 protein subcellular localization during epidermal differentiation and psoriasis. J Histochem Cytochem 51:675–685

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bruecher-Encke B, Griffin JD, Neel BG, Lorenz U (2001) Role of the tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in K562 cell differentiation. Leukemia 15:1424–1432

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra A, Senapati S, Roy S, Chatterjee G, Chatterjee R (2018) Epigenome-wide DNA methylation regulates cardinal pathological features of psoriasis. Clin Epigenetics 10:108

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Chen M, Chen ZQ, Cui PG, Yao X, Li YM, Li AS, Gong JQ, Cao YH (2008) The methylation pattern of p16(INK4a) gene promoter in psoriatic epidermis and its clinical significance. Br J Dermatol 158:987–993

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chen C, Wu N, Duan Q, Yang H, Wang X, Yang P, Zhang M, Liu J, Liu Z, Shao Y, Zheng Y (2018a) C10orf99 contributes to the development of psoriasis by promoting the proliferation of keratinocytes. Entific Rep 8:8590

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen H, Guo S, Xia Y, Yuan L, Lu M, Zhou M, Fang M, Meng L, Xiao Z, Ma J (2018b) The role of Rho-GEF Trio in regulating tooth root development through the p38 MAPK pathway. Exp Cell Res 372:158–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chhangani D, Mishra A (2013) Mahogunin ring finger-1 (MGRN1) suppresses chaperone-associated misfolded protein aggregation and toxicity. Sci Rep 3:1972

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Choi UY, Kang JS, Hwang YS, Kim YJ (2015) Oligoadenylate synthase-like (OASL) proteins: dual functions and associations with diseases. Exp Mol Med 47:e144

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cordaux R, Batzer MA (2009) The impact of retrotransposons on human genome evolution. Nat Rev Genet 10:691–703

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Croft M (2009) The role of TNF superfamily members in T-cell function and diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 9:271–285

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dan M, Zheng D, Field LL, Bonnevie-Nielsen V (2012) Induction and activation of antiviral enzyme 2′,5′ -oligoadenylate synthetase by in vitro transcribed insulin mRNA and other cellular RNAs. Mol Biol Rep 39:7813–7822

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dar AA, Pradhan TN, Kulkarni DP, Shah SU, Rao KV, Chaukar DA, D’Cruz AK, Chiplunkar SV (2016) Extracellular 2′5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 2 mediates T-cell receptor CD 3- ζ chain down-regulation via caspase-3 activation in oral cancer. Immunology 147:12560

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Das KM, Bajpai M (2008) Tropomyosins in human diseases: ulcerative colitis. Adv Exp Med Biol 644:158–167

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Desprez PY, Sumida T, Coppe JP (2003) Helix-loop-helix proteins in mammary gland development and breast cancer. Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 8:225–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Di Ianni M, Del Papa B, De Ioanni M, Moretti L, Bonifacio E, Cecchini D, Sportoletti P, Falzetti F, Tabilio A (2008) Mesenchymal cells recruit and regulate T regulatory cells. Exp Hematol 36:309–318

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dong H, Osmanova V, Epstein PM, Brocke S (2006) Phosphodiesterase 8 (PDE8) regulates chemotaxis of activated lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 345:713–719

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elloso MM, Gomez-Angelats M, Fourie AM (2012) Targeting the Th17 pathway in psoriasis. J Leukoc Biol 92:1187–1197

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Armenteros JM, Gómez-Arbonés X, Buti-Soler M, Betriu-Bars A, Sanmartin-Novell V, Ortega-Bravo M, Martínez-Alonso M, Garí E, Portero-Otín M, Santamaria-Babi L, Casanova-Seuma JM (2019) Psoriasis, metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk factors. A population-based study. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 33:128–135

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Gao M, Si X (2018) Rapamycin ameliorates psoriasis by regulating the expression and methylation levels of tropomyosin via ERK1/2 and mTOR pathways in vitro and in vivo. Exp Dermatol 27:1112–1119

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gu X, Boldrup L, Coates PJ, Fahraeus R, Nylander E, Loizou C, Olofsson K, Norberg-Spaak L, Gärskog O, Nylander K (2016) Epigenetic regulation of OAS2 shows disease-specific DNA methylation profiles at individual CpG sites. Sci Rep 6:32579

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Han J, Park SG, Bae JB, Choi JK, Lyu JM, Park SH, Kim HS, Kim YJ, Kim S, Kim TY (2012) The characteristics of genome-wide DNA methylation in naïve CD4+T cells of patients with psoriasis or atopic dermatitis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 422:157–163

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hendrich B, Bird A (1998) Identification and characterization of a family of mammalian methyl-CpG binding proteins. Mol Cell Biol 18:6538–6547

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hirono S, Lee EY, Kuribayashi S, Fukuda T, Saeki N, Minokoshi Y, Iwanaga T, Miki T (2016) Importance of adult Dmbx1 in long-lasting orexigenic effect of agouti-related peptide. Endocrinology 157:245–257

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hou R, Yin G, An P, Wang C, Liu R, Yang Y, Yan X, Li J, Li X, Zhang K (2013) DNA methylation of dermal MSCs in psoriasis: identification of epigenetically dysregulated genes. J Dermatol Ence 72:103–109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kaufman CK, Fuchs E (2000) It’s got you covered: NF-κB in the epidermis. J Cell Biol 149:999–1004

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kazazian HH, Moran JV (1998) The impact of L1 retrotransposons on the human genome. Nat Genet 19:19–24

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kee AJ, Hardeman EC (2008) Tropomyosins in skeletal muscle diseases. Adv Exp Med Biol 644:143–157

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kim K, Kim IK, Yang JM, Lee E, Koh BI, Song S, Park J, Lee S, Choi C, Kim JW, Kubota Y, Koh GY, Kim I (2016) SoxF transcription factors are positive feedback regulators of VEGF signaling. Circ Res 119:839–852

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kondo T, Raff M (2000) The Id4 HLH protein and the timing of oligodendrocyte differentiation. EMBO J 19:1998–2007

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lee JH, Kim HJ, Han KD, Kim HN, Park YM, Lee JY, Park YG, Lee YB (2019) Cancer risk in 892089 patients with psoriasis in Korea: a nationwide population-based cohort study. J Dermatol 46:95–102

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Li MF, Sun XY, Kuang XC, Liao Y, Li HB, Luo DZ (2015) Mesenchymal stem cells suppress CD8+ T cell-mediated activation by suppressing natural killer group 2, member D protein receptor expression and secretion of prostaglandin E2, indoleamine 2, 3-dioxygenase and transforming growth factor-β. Clin Exp Immunol 178:516–524

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu GH, Guan T, Datta K, Coppinger J, Yates J, Gerace L (2009) Regulation of myoblast differentiation by the nuclear envelope protein NET39. Mol Cell Biol 29:5800–5812

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu XM, Wang HQ, He YH, Zhao ZF, Wu WD (2016) Correlation between promoter methylation of P15 gene and Psoriasis vulgaris in Xinjiang Uygur people. Clin Dermatol 45:20–23

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lønnberg AS, Skov L, Skytthe A, Kyvik KO, Pedersen OB, Thomsen SF (2013) Heritability of psoriasis in a large twin sample. Br J Dermatol 169:412–416

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Massari ME, Murre C (2000) Helix-loop-helix proteins: regulators of transcription in eucaryotic organisms. Mol Cell Biol 20:429–440

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • May RJ, Franklin AA (2018) Fundamentals of skin immunology in psoriasis: part 1. Dermatol Nurs 17:40–47

    Google Scholar 

  • Michalek M, Loring B, John SM (2017) A systematic review of worldwide epidemiology of psoriasis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 31:205–212

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra A, Raychaudhuri SK, Raychaudhuri SP (2012) IL-22 induced cell proliferation is regulated by PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling cascade. Cytokine 60:38–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mitra AD, Raychaudhuri SP, Abria CJ, Mitra A, Wright R, Ray R, Kundu-Raychaudhuri S (2013) 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin-D3-3-bromoacetate regulates AKT/mTOR signaling cascades: a therapeutic agent for psoriasis. J Investig Dermatol 133:1556–1564

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mok SC, Kwok TT, Berkowitz RS, Barrett AJ, Tsui FW (1995) Overexpression of the Protein Tyrosine Phosphatase, Nonreceptor Type 6 (PTPN6), in human epithelial ovarian cancer. Gynecol Oncol 57:303

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nobeyama Y, Umezawa Y, Nakagawa H (2016) Less-invasive analysis of DNA methylation using psoriatic scales. J Dermatol Sci 83:70–73

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ohtoshi A, Behringer RR (2004) Neonatal lethality, dwarfism, and abnormal brain development in Dmbx1 mutant mice. Mol Cell Biol 24:7548–7558

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Oka T, Yoshino T, Hayashi K, Ohara N, Nakanishi T, Yamaai Y, Hiraki A, Sogawa CA, Kondo E, Teramoto N, Takahashi K, Tsuchiyama J, Akagi T (2001) Reduction of hematopoietic cell-specific tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 gene expression in natural killer cell lymphoma and various types of lymphomas/leukemias: combination analysis with cDNA expression array and tissue microarray. Am J Pathol 159:1495–1505

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ozono K, Ohishi Y, Onishi H, Nakamura K, Motoshita J, Kato M, Nakanishi R, Nakamura M, Oda Y (2017) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor/tropomyosin-related kinase B signaling pathway contributes to the aggressive behavior of lung squamous cell carcinoma. Lab Invest 97:1332

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Qu XB, Liu XX, Han JJ, Yao RQ, Zhao CH (2014) Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells inhibit CD4~+ naive T cells to differentiate into Th17 in vitro. Basic Clin Med 34:1179–1183

    Google Scholar 

  • Rivas MA, Beaudoin M, Gardet A, Stevens C, Sharma Y, Zhang CK, Boucher G, Ripke S, Ellinghaus D, Burtt N, Fennell T, Kirby A, Latiano A, Goyette P, Green T, Halfvarson J, Haritunians T, Korn JM, Kuruvilla F, Lagacé C, Neale B, Lo KS, Schumm P, Törkvist L, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive Kidney Diseases Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium (NIDDK IBDGC), United Kingdom Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium, International Inflammatory Bowel Disease Genetics Consortium, Dubinsky MC, Brant SR, Silverberg MS, Duerr RH, Altshuler D, Gabriel S, Lettre G, Franke A, D’Amato M, McGovern DP, Cho JH, Rioux JD, Xavier RJ, Daly MJ (2011) Deep resequencing of GWAS loci identifies independent rare variants associated with inflammatory bowel disease. Nat Genet 43:1066–1073

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberson ED, Liu Y, Ryan C, Joyce CE, Duan S, Cao L, Martin A, Liao W, Menter A, Bowcock AM (2012) A subset of methylated CpG sites differentiate psoriatic from normal skin. J Investig Dermatol 132:583–592

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rountree MR, Bachman KE, Herman JG, Baylin SB (2001) DNA methylation, chromatin inheritance, and cancer. Oncogene 20:3156–3165

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruchusatsawat K, Wongpiyabovorn J, Shuangshoti S, Hirankarn N, Mutirangura A (2006) SHP-1promoter 2 methylation in normal epithelial tissues and demethylation in psoriasis. J Mol Med (berlin) 84:175–182

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ruchusatsawat K, Wongpiyabovorn J, Protjaroen P, Chaipipat M, Shuangshoti S, Thorner PS, Mutirangura A (2011) Parakeratosis in skin is associated with loss of inhibitor of differentiation 4 via promoter methylation. Hum Pathol 42:1887

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Semprini S, Capon F, Tacconelli A, Giardina E, Orecchia A, Mingarelli R, Gobello T, Zambruno G, Botta A, Fabrizi G, Novelli G (2002) Evidence for differential S100 gene over-expression in psoriatic patients from genetically heterogeneous pedigrees. Hum Genet 111:310–313

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serrano M, Hannon GJ, Beach D (1993) A new regulatory motif in cellcycle control causing specific inhibition of cyclin D ⁄CDK4. Nature 366:704–707

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith JF, Syritsyna O, Fellous M, Serres C, Lishko PV (2013) Disruption of the principal, progesterone-activated sperm Ca2+ channel in a CatSper2-deficient infertile patient. Proc Natl Acad Sci 110:6823–6828

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suminaga R, Takeshima Y, Yasuda K, Shiga N, Nakamura H, Matsuo M (2000) Non-homologous recombination between Alu and LINE-1 repeats caused a 430-kb deletion in the dystrophin gene: a novel source of genomic instability. Hum Genet 45:331–336

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tang L, Cheng Y, Zhu C, Yang C, Liu L, Zhang Y, Wen L, Zhang X, Zhou F, Yang S (2018) Integrative methylome and transcriptome analysis to dissect key biological pathways for psoriasis in Chinese Han population. J Dermatol Sci 91:285–291

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Thomsen SF, Skov L, Dodge R, Hedegaard MS, Kjellberg J (2019) Socioeconomic costs and health inequalities from psoriasis: a cohort study. Dermatology 235:1–8

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Tristán-Flores FE, Guzmán P, Ortega-Kermedy MS, Cruz-Torres G, de la Rocha C, Silva-Martínez GA, Rodríguez-Ríos D, Alvarado-Caudillo Y, Barbosa-Sabanero G, Sayols S, Lund G, Zaina S (2018) Liver X receptor-binding DNA motif associated with atherosclerosis-specific DNA methylation profiles of Alu elements and neighboring CpG Islands. J Am Heart Assoc 7:e007686 (JAHA.117.007686)

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Vang AG, Ben-Sasson SZ, Dong H, Kream B, DeNinno MP, Claffey MM, Housley W, Clark RB, Epstein PM, Brocke S (2010) PDE8 regulates rapid TEFF cell adhesion and proliferation independent of ICER. PLoS ONE 5:e12011

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Walkinshaw DR, Weist R, Kim GW, You L, Xiao L, Nie J, Li CS, Zhao S, Xu M, Yang XJ (2013) The tumor suppressor kinase LKB1 activates the downstream kinases SIK2 and SIK3 to stimulate nuclear export of class IIa histone deacetylases. J Biol Chem 288:9345–9362

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang CL, Coluccio LM (2010) New insights into the regulation of the actin cytoskeleton by tropomyosin. Int Rev Cell Mol Biol 281:91–128

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu C, Sun M, Liu L, Zhou GW (2003) The function of the protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 in cancer. Gene 306:1–12

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yi TL, Cleveland JL, Ihle JN (1992) Protein tyrosine phosphatase containing SH2 domains: characterization, preferential expression in hematopoietic cells, and localization to human chromosome 12p12-p13. Mol Cell Biol 12:836–846

    PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yooyongsatit S, Ruchusatsawat K, Noppakun N, Hirankarn N, Mutirangura A, Wongpiyabovorn J (2016) Patterns and functional roles of LINE-1 and Alu methylation in the keratinocyte from patients with psoriasis vulgaris. Hum Genet 60:349–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zapata PD, Ropero RM, Valencia AM, Buscail L, López JI, Martín-Orozco RM, Prieto JC, Angulo J, Susini C, López-Ruiz P, Colás B (2002) Autocrine regulation of human prostate carcinoma cell proliferation by somatostatin through the modulation of the SH2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP)-1. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 87:915–926

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Q, Raghunath PN, Vonderheid E, Odum N, Wasik MA (2000) Lack of phosphotyrosine phosphatase SHP-1 expression in malignant T-cell lymphoma cells results from methylation of the SHP-1 promoter. Am J Pathol 157:1137–1146

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang K, Zhang R, Li X, Yin G, Niu X (2009) romoter methylation status of p15 and p21 genes in HPP-CFCs of bone marrow of patients with psoriasis. Eur J Dermatol 9:141–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang P, Su Y, Chen H, Zhao M, Lu Q (2010) Abnormal DNA methylation in skin lesions and PBMCs of patients with psoriasis vulgaris. J Dermatol Sci 60:40–42

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhang XL, Wang HQ, Liu XM, Zhao ZF, Zhang YJ, Wu WD (2015) Correlation of promoter methylation of p16 gene with psoriasis in Xinjiang Uygur patients. Chin Pract Diagn Ther 29:1082–1087

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou F, Shen C, Xu J, Gao J, Zheng X, Ko R, Dou J, Cheng Y, Zhu C, Xu S, Tang X, Zuo X, Yin X, Cui Y, Sun L, Tsoi LC, Hsu YH, Yang S, Zhang X (2016a) Epigenome-wide association data implicates DNA methylation-mediated genetic risk in psoriasis. Clin Epigenetics 8:131

    Article  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Zhou F, Wang W, Shen C, Li H, Zuo X, Zheng X, Yue M, Zhang C, Yu L, Chen M, Zhu C, Yin X, Tang M, Li Y, Chen G, Wang Z, Liu S, Zhou Y, Zhang F, Zhang W, Li C, Yang S, Sun L, Zhang X (2016b) Epigenome-wide association analysis identified nine skin DNA methylation loci for psoriasis. J Investig Dermatol 136:779–787

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zong W, Ge Y, Han Y, Yang X, Li Q, Chen M (2017) Hypomethylation of HLA-DRB1 and its clinical significance in psoriasis. Oncotarget 8:12323–12332

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

Download references

Funding

This study was funded by National Key Research and Development Program of China (Grant number 2018YFC1705301), NSFC of China (Grant number 81904214), Shanghai Sailing Program (Grant number 21YF1448100), and Xinglin Youth Scholar of Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Grant number RY411.33.10).

Author information

Author notes

  1. Ying Luo and Keshen Qu contributed equally to this work.

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Dermatology, Yueyang Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200437, China

    Ying Luo, Le Kuai, Yi Ru & Keke Huang

  2. Institute of Dermatology, Shanghai Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China

    Ying Luo

  3. Department of Traditional Chinese Surgery, Longhua Hospital Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 200032, China

    Keshen Qu

  4. Department of Dermatology, Shaanxi Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine, No. 4 West Glorious Gate, Xi’an, 710003, People’s Republic of China

    Xiaoning Yan & Meng Xing

Authors
  1. Ying Luo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Keshen Qu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Le Kuai
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Yi Ru
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Keke Huang
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Xiaoning Yan
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Meng Xing
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

Conception and design: MX and XY; administrative support: MX and XY; collection and assembly of data: YL and KQ; data analysis and interpretation: LK, YR, and KH; manuscript writing: all authors; final approval of manuscript: all authors.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Xiaoning Yan or Meng Xing.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

Ying Luo declares that she has no conflict of interest. Keshen Qu declares that she has no conflict of interest. Le Kuai declares that he has no conflict of interest. Yi Ru declares that she has no conflict of interest. Keke Huang declares that she has no conflict of interest. Xiaoning Yan declares that he has no conflict of interest. Meng Xing declares that he has no conflict of interest.

Additional declarations for articles in life science journals that report the results of studies involving humans and/or animals

Not applicable.

Ethics approval

This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.

Consent to participate

Not applicable.

Consent for publication

Not applicable.

Additional information

Communicated by Stefan Hohmann.

Publisher's Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Luo, Y., Qu, K., Kuai, L. et al. Epigenetics in psoriasis: perspective of DNA methylation. Mol Genet Genomics 296, 1027–1040 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-021-01804-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00438-021-01804-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation