Abstract
Estrogen-related receptor (ERR), a member of the nuclear receptor superfamily, consists of three subtypes (α, β, γ) and has strong homology with estrogen receptor. No endogenous ligands have been identified for ERRs, but they play key roles in metabolic, hormonal, and developmental processes as transcription factors without ligand binding. Although subnuclear dynamics are essential for nuclear events including nuclear receptor-mediated transcriptional regulation, the dynamics of ERRs are poorly understood. Here, we report that ERRs show subcellular kinetic changes in response to diethylstilbestrol (DES), a synthetic estrogen that represses the transactivity of all three ERR subtypes, using live-cell imaging with fluorescent protein labeling. Upon DES treatment, all ERR subtypes formed discrete clusters in the nucleus, with ERRγ also displaying nuclear export. Fluorescence recovery after photobleaching analyses revealed significant reductions in the intranuclear mobility of DES-bound ERRα and ERRβ, and a slight reduction in the intranuclear mobility of DES-bound ERRγ. After DES treatment, colocalization of all ERR subtypes with scaffold attachment factor B1 (SAFB1), a nuclear matrix-associated protein, was observed in dot-like subnuclear clusters, suggesting interactions of the ERRs with the nuclear matrix. Consistently, co-immunoprecipitation analyses confirmed enhanced interactions between ERRs and SAFB1 in the presence of DES. SAFB1 was clarified to repress the transactivity of all ERR subtypes through the ERR-response element. These results demonstrate ligand-dependent cluster formation of ERRs in the nucleus that is closely associated with SAFB1-mediated transrepression. Taken together, the present findings provide a new understanding of the pathophysiology regulated by ERR/SAFB1 signaling pathways and their subcellular dynamics.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data Availability
All relevant data are provided in the paper.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Al Jishi T, Sergi C (2017) Current perspective of diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in mothers and offspring. Reprod Toxicol 71:71–77. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2017.04.009
Ariazi EA, Jordan VC (2006) Estrogen-related receptors as emerging targets in cancer and metabolic disorders. Curr Top Med Chem 6(3):203–215. https://doi.org/10.2174/1568026610606030203
Audet-Walsh E, Giguere V (2015) The multiple universes of estrogen-related receptor alpha and gamma in metabolic control and related diseases. Acta Pharmacol Sin 36(1):51–61. https://doi.org/10.1038/aps.2014.121
Baker ME (2008) Trichoplax, the simplest known animal, contains an estrogen-related receptor but no estrogen receptor: Implications for estrogen receptor evolution. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 375(4):623–627. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbrc.2008.08.047
Bombail V, MacPherson S, Critchley HO, Saunders PT (2008) Estrogen receptor related beta is expressed in human endometrium throughout the normal menstrual cycle. Hum Reprod 23(12):2782–2790. https://doi.org/10.1093/humrep/den298
Bookout AL, Jeong Y, Downes M, Yu RT, Evans RM, Mangelsdorf DJ (2006) Anatomical profiling of nuclear receptor expression reveals a hierarchical transcriptional network. Cell 126(4):789–799. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cell.2006.06.049
Chen L, Wu M, Zhang S, Tan W, Guan M, Feng L, Chen C, Tao J, Chen L, Qu L (2019) Estrogen-related receptor gamma regulates hepatic triglyceride metabolism through phospholipase A2 G12B. FASEB J 33(7):7942–7952. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.201802704R
Couse JF, Korach KS (2004) Estrogen receptor-alpha mediates the detrimental effects of neonatal diethylstilbestrol (DES) exposure in the murine reproductive tract. Toxicology 205(1–2):55–63. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2004.06.046
Couse JF, Davis VL, Hanson RB, Jefferson WN, McLachlan JA, Bullock BC, Newbold RR, Korach KS (1997) Accelerated onset of uterine tumors in transgenic mice with aberrant expression of the estrogen receptor after neonatal exposure to diethylstilbestrol. Mol Carcinog 19(4):236–242. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2744(199708)19:4%3c236::aid-mc4%3e3.0.co;2-a
Coward P, Lee D, Hull MV, Lehmann JM (2001) 4-Hydroxytamoxifen binds to and deactivates the estrogen-related receptor gamma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98(15):8880–8884. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.151244398
Davis VL, Newbold RR, Couse JF, Rea SL, Gallagher KM, Hamilton KJ, Goulding EH, Jefferson W, Eddy EM, Bullock BC, Korach KS (2012) Expression of a dominant negative estrogen receptor alpha variant in transgenic mice accelerates uterine cancer induced by the potent estrogen diethylstilbestrol. Reprod Toxicol 34(4):512–521. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.reprotox.2012.08.005
Debril MB, Dubuquoy L, Feige JN, Wahli W, Desvergne B, Auwerx J, Gelman L (2005) Scaffold attachment factor B1 directly interacts with nuclear receptors in living cells and represses transcriptional activity. J Mol Endocrinol 35(3):503–517. https://doi.org/10.1677/jme.1.01856
Eudy JD, Yao S, Weston MD, Ma-Edmonds M, Talmadge CB, Cheng JJ, Kimberling WJ, Sumegi J (1998) Isolation of a gene encoding a novel member of the nuclear receptor superfamily from the critical region of Usher syndrome type IIa at 1q41. Genomics 50(3):382–384. https://doi.org/10.1006/geno.1998.5345
Feng B, Jiang J, Kraus P, Ng JH, Heng JC, Chan YS, Yaw LP, Zhang W, Loh YH, Han J, Vega VB, Cacheux-Rataboul V, Lim B, Lufkin T, Ng HH (2009) Reprogramming of fibroblasts into induced pluripotent stem cells with orphan nuclear receptor Esrrb. Nat Cell Biol 11(2):197–203. https://doi.org/10.1038/ncb1827
Garee JP, Oesterreich S (2010) SAFB1’s multiple functions in biological control-lots still to be done! J Cell Biochem 109(2):312–319. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.22420
Gibson DA, Saunders PT (2014) Endocrine disruption of oestrogen action and female reproductive tract cancers. Endocr Relat Cancer 21(2):T13-31. https://doi.org/10.1530/ERC-13-0342
Giguere V (2002) To ERR in the estrogen pathway. Trends Endocrinol Metab 13(5):220–225
Giguere V (2008) Transcriptional control of energy homeostasis by the estrogen-related receptors. Endocr Rev 29(6):677–696. https://doi.org/10.1210/er.2008-0017
Giguere V, Yang N, Segui P, Evans RM (1988) Identification of a new class of steroid hormone receptors. Nature 331(6151):91–94. https://doi.org/10.1038/331091a0
Greschik H, Wurtz JM, Sanglier S, Bourguet W, van Dorsselaer A, Moras D, Renaud JP (2002) Structural and functional evidence for ligand-independent transcriptional activation by the estrogen-related receptor 3. Mol Cell 9(2):303–313. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1097-2765(02)00444-6
Greschik H, Flaig R, Renaud JP, Moras D (2004) Structural basis for the deactivation of the estrogen-related receptor gamma by diethylstilbestrol or 4-hydroxytamoxifen and determinants of selectivity. J Biol Chem 279(32):33639–33646. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M402195200
Hashimoto T, Matsuda K, Kawata M (2012) Scaffold attachment factor B (SAFB)1 and SAFB2 cooperatively inhibit the intranuclear mobility and function of ERalpha. J Cell Biochem 113(9):3039–3050. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.24182
Hashimoto T, Kawata M, Hirahara Y, Nishi M, Satoshi I, Matsuda KI (2020) Scaffold attachment factor B: distribution and interaction with ERalpha in the rat brain. Histochem Cell Biol 153(5):323–338. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-020-01853-1
Heckler MM, Zeleke TZ, Divekar SD, Fernandez AI, Tiek DM, Woodrick J, Farzanegan A, Roy R, Uren A, Mueller SC, Riggins RB (2016) Antimitotic activity of DY131 and the estrogen-related receptor beta 2 (ERRbeta2) splice variant in breast cancer. Oncotarget 7(30):47201–47220. https://doi.org/10.18632/oncotarget.9719
Jindatip D, Fujiwara K, Sarachana T, Mutirangura A, Yashiro T (2018) Characteristics of pericytes in diethylstilbestrol (DES)-induced pituitary prolactinoma in rats. Med Mol Morphol 51(3):147–155. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00795-018-0180-4
Kallen J, Schlaeppi JM, Bitsch F, Filipuzzi I, Schilb A, Riou V, Graham A, Strauss A, Geiser M, Fournier B (2004) Evidence for ligand-independent transcriptional activation of the human estrogen-related receptor alpha (ERRalpha): crystal structure of ERRalpha ligand binding domain in complex with peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor coactivator-1alpha. J Biol Chem 279(47):49330–49337. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M407999200
Kallen J, Lattmann R, Beerli R, Blechschmidt A, Blommers MJ, Geiser M, Ottl J, Schlaeppi JM, Strauss A, Fournier B (2007) Crystal structure of human estrogen-related receptor alpha in complex with a synthetic inverse agonist reveals its novel molecular mechanism. J Biol Chem 282(32):23231–23239. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M703337200
Kokabu T, Mori T, Matsushima H, Yoriki K, Kataoka H, Tarumi Y, Kitawaki J (2019) Antitumor effect of XCT790, an ERRalpha inverse agonist, on ERalpha-negative endometrial cancer cells. Cell Oncol (dordr) 42(2):223–235. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13402-019-00423-5
Maekawa M, Yamaguchi K, Nakamura T, Shibukawa R, Kodanaka I, Ichisaka T, Kawamura Y, Mochizuki H, Goshima N, Yamanaka S (2011) Direct reprogramming of somatic cells is promoted by maternal transcription factor Glis1. Nature 474(7350):225–229. https://doi.org/10.1038/nature10106
Matsuda K, Ochiai I, Nishi M, Kawata M (2002) Colocalization and ligand-dependent discrete distribution of the estrogen receptor (ER)alpha and ERbeta. Mol Endocrinol 16(10):2215–2230. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2002-0110
Matsuda K, Nishi M, Takaya H, Kaku N, Kawata M (2008) Intranuclear mobility of estrogen receptor alpha and progesterone receptors in association with nuclear matrix dynamics. J Cell Biochem 103(1):136–148. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcb.21393
Matsuda KI, Hashimoto T, Kawata M (2018) Intranuclear mobility of estrogen receptor: implication for transcriptional regulation. Acta Histochem Cytochem 51(4):129–136. https://doi.org/10.1267/ahc.18023
Michalek RD, Gerriets VA, Nichols AG, Inoue M, Kazmin D, Chang CY, Dwyer MA, Nelson ER, Pollizzi KN, Ilkayeva O, Giguere V, Zuercher WJ, Powell JD, Shinohara ML, McDonnell DP, Rathmell JC (2011) Estrogen-related receptor-alpha is a metabolic regulator of effector T-cell activation and differentiation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108(45):18348–18353. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1108856108
Nishi M, Tanaka M, Matsuda K, Sunaguchi M, Kawata M (2004) Visualization of glucocorticoid receptor and mineralocorticoid receptor interactions in living cells with GFP-based fluorescence resonance energy transfer. J Neurosci 24(21):4918–4927. https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.5495-03.2004
Oesterreich S, Zhang Q, Hopp T, Fuqua SA, Michaelis M, Zhao HH, Davie JR, Osborne CK, Lee AV (2000) Tamoxifen-bound estrogen receptor (ER) strongly interacts with the nuclear matrix protein HET/SAF-B, a novel inhibitor of ER-mediated transactivation. Mol Endocrinol 14(3):369–381. https://doi.org/10.1210/mend.14.3.0432
Palanza P, Morellini F, Parmigiani S, vom Saal FS (1999a) Prenatal exposure to endocrine disrupting chemicals: effects on behavioral development. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 23(7):1011–1027. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0149-7634(99)00033-0
Palanza P, Parmigiani S, Liu H, vom Saal FS (1999b) Prenatal exposure to low doses of the estrogenic chemicals diethylstilbestrol and o, p’-DDT alters aggressive behavior of male and female house mice. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 64(4):665–672. https://doi.org/10.1016/s0091-3057(99)00151-3
Reed CE, Fenton SE (2013) Exposure to diethylstilbestrol during sensitive life stages: a legacy of heritable health effects. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 99(2):134–146. https://doi.org/10.1002/bdrc.21035
Sinha AA, Wilson MJ (2018) Identification of Two Types of Stem Cells in Methylene Blue-stained Sections of Untreated and Diethylstilbestrol-treated Human Prostate Cancer and Their Characterization by Immunogold Localization of CD133. Anticancer Res 38(10):5725–5732. https://doi.org/10.21873/anticanres.12910
Smith K, Galazi M, Openshaw MR, Wilson P, Sarker SJ, O’Brien N, Alifrangis C, Stebbing J, Shamash J (2020) The Use of Transdermal Estrogen in Castrate-resistant, Steroid-refractory Prostate Cancer. Clin Genitourin Cancer 18(3):e217–e223. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.clgc.2019.09.019
Son YO, Park S, Kwak JS, Won Y, Choi WS, Rhee J, Chun CH, Ryu JH, Kim DK, Choi HS, Chun JS (2017) Estrogen-related receptor gamma causes osteoarthritis by upregulating extracellular matrix-degrading enzymes. Nat Commun 8(1):2133. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-017-01868-8
Stenoien DL, Patel K, Mancini MG, Dutertre M, Smith CL, O’Malley BW, Mancini MA (2001) FRAP reveals that mobility of oestrogen receptor-alpha is ligand- and proteasome-dependent. Nat Cell Biol 3(1):15–23. https://doi.org/10.1038/35050515
Suzuki T, Miki Y, Moriya T, Shimada N, Ishida T, Hirakawa H, Ohuchi N, Sasano H (2004) Estrogen-related receptor alpha in human breast carcinoma as a potent prognostic factor. Cancer Res 64(13):4670–4676. https://doi.org/10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-04-0250
Tanida T, Matsuda KI, Yamada S, Hashimoto T, Kawata M (2015) Estrogen-related Receptor beta Reduces the Subnuclear Mobility of Estrogen Receptor alpha and Suppresses Estrogen-dependent Cellular Function. J Biol Chem 290(19):12332–12345. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M114.619098
Tanida T, Matsuda KI, Yamada S, Kawata M, Tanaka M (2017) Immunohistochemical profiling of estrogen-related receptor gamma in rat brain and colocalization with estrogen receptor alpha in the preoptic area. Brain Res 1659:71–80. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.brainres.2017.01.024
Tanida T, Matsuda KI, Tanaka M (2020) Novel metabolic system for lactic acid via LRPGC1/ERRgamma signaling pathway. FASEB J 34(10):13239–13256. https://doi.org/10.1096/fj.202000492R
Toft D, Gorski J (1966) A receptor molecule for estrogens: isolation from the rat uterus and preliminary characterization. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 55(6):1574–1581. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.55.6.1574
Townson SM, Sullivan T, Zhang Q, Clark GM, Osborne CK, Lee AV, Oesterreich S (2000) HET/SAF-B overexpression causes growth arrest and multinuclearity and is associated with aneuploidy in human breast cancer. Clin Cancer Res 6(9):3788–3796
Townson SM, Dobrzycka KM, Lee AV, Air M, Deng W, Kang K, Jiang S, Kioka N, Michaelis K, Oesterreich S (2003) SAFB2, a new scaffold attachment factor homolog and estrogen receptor corepressor. J Biol Chem 278(22):20059–20068. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M212988200
Tremblay AM, Giguere V (2007) The NR3B subgroup: an ovERRview. Nucl Recept Signal 5:e009. https://doi.org/10.1621/nrs.05009
Tremblay GB, Kunath T, Bergeron D, Lapointe L, Champigny C, Bader JA, Rossant J, Giguere V (2001) Diethylstilbestrol regulates trophoblast stem cell differentiation as a ligand of orphan nuclear receptor ERR beta. Genes Dev 15(7):833–838. https://doi.org/10.1101/gad.873401
Tremblay AM, Wilson BJ, Yang XJ, Giguere V (2008) Phosphorylation-dependent sumoylation regulates estrogen-related receptor-alpha and -gamma transcriptional activity through a synergy control motif. Mol Endocrinol 22(3):570–584. https://doi.org/10.1210/me.2007-0357
Tun N, Shibata Y, Soe MT, Htun MW, Koji T (2019) Histone deacetylase inhibitors suppress transdifferentiation of gonadotrophs to prolactin cells and proliferation of prolactin cells induced by diethylstilbestrol in male mouse pituitary. Histochem Cell Biol 151(4):291–303. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-018-1760-z
vom Saal FS, Nagel SC, Palanza P, Boechler M, Parmigiani S, Welshons WV (1995) Estrogenic pesticides: binding relative to estradiol in MCF-7 cells and effects of exposure during fetal life on subsequent territorial behaviour in male mice. Toxicol Lett 77(1–3):343–350. https://doi.org/10.1016/0378-4274(95)03316-5
Wu D, Cheung A, Wang Y, Yu S, Chan FL (2016) The emerging roles of orphan nuclear receptors in prostate cancer. Biochim Biophys Acta 1866(1):23–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bbcan.2016.06.001
Yang XJ, Gregoire S (2006) A recurrent phospho-sumoyl switch in transcriptional repression and beyond. Mol Cell 23(6):779–786. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.molcel.2006.08.009
Zhang Z, Teng CT (2000) Estrogen receptor-related receptor alpha 1 interacts with coactivator and constitutively activates the estrogen response elements of the human lactoferrin gene. J Biol Chem 275(27):20837–20846. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M001880200
Zhang X, Zhang J, Wang T, Esteban MA, Pei D (2008) Esrrb activates Oct4 transcription and sustains self-renewal and pluripotency in embryonic stem cells. J Biol Chem 283(51):35825–35833. https://doi.org/10.1074/jbc.M803481200
Acknowledgements
The authors sincerely thank Prof. Steffi Oesterreich (University of Pittsburgh) for kindly providing the pEGFP-SAFB1 expression vector and the colleagues in our laboratory including Dr. Shunji Yamada, Dr. Katsutoshi Taguchi, Yuki Takeda, Emiri Takemaru, and Yu Sakaue for helpful discussions and technical support. Kayo Tanida (Sakai, Osaka, Japan) helped with the FRAP analyses. The authors also thank Alison Sherwin, Ph.D., from Edanz Group (https://en-author-services.edanz.com/ac), for editing a draft of this manuscript. This work was supported by Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (24791116 and 26860852 to T.T.) and Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (24300128 to M.K.) and (C) (17K10188 and 20K08186 to T.T.) from The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT).
Funding
The Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of Japan (MEXT) / Japan Society of Promotion of Sciences (JSPS): Grants-in-Aid for Young Scientists (B) (24791116 and 26860852 to T.T.) Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research (B) (24300128 to M.K.) Grants-in-Aid for Scientific Research (C) (17K10188 and 20K08186 to T.T.)
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
Study concept and design: TT; plasmid construction: TT and TH with support from KIM; time-lapse live-cell imaging: TT and TU.; FRAP analyses: TU, TY, and TT with support from TH; immunofluorescence cytochemistry: TT and KIM; co-immunoprecipitation, western blotting, and transcription assays: TT; statistical analyses: TT; interpretation of data: TT, KIM, TU, TY, TH, MK, and MT; writing and editing the manuscript: TT with input from KIM and MT.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Ethics approval
Not applicable.
Consent to participate
Not applicable.
Consent to publication
Not applicable.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Tanida, T., Matsuda, K.I., Uemura, T. et al. Subcellular dynamics of estrogen-related receptors involved in transrepression through interactions with scaffold attachment factor B1. Histochem Cell Biol 156, 239–251 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-021-01998-7
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00418-021-01998-7