Abstract
Population genomics determines the evolutionary potential of a species by decoding the genetic structure and diversity of populations from diverse eco-geographical gradients. Tectona grandis L.f., being a tropical timber tree species distributed in diverse environmental and geographical conditions, is more responsive to local adaptation. This study investigates the extent of genetic variation of teak natural populations in India using genome-wide SSR markers, thereby identifying the role of isolation by distance and environment in shaping genetic structure. Bottleneck effect along with genetic drift and local adaptation shaped the genetic structure of populations which formed three gene-ecological zones, namely, Kerala, Tamil Nadu-Karnataka, and Karnataka, Central India (Gujarat and Madhya Pradesh). Historical gene flow was greater as compared to recent gene flow indicating habitat loss and fragmentation in framing the present population structure of natural teak populations. Genetic diversity of teak populations in India was guided by joint influence of environmental variables and geographical factors. Decline in the genetic diversity of populations in west–east pattern was perceived. Further, more than one area in the Western Ghats acted as refugia during glacial period. The populations/genotypes with higher private or adaptive alleles could be targeted for sustainable management, conservation, and genetic improvement of teak genetic resources in the country. Niche modelling identified central Indian populations to be more vulnerable to climate change and probable shift in the distribution pattern of the species in the ensuing years.
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Data availability
Whole-genome sequence data has been submitted to the genome database of GenBank (Project ID: PRJNA421422) as part of a previous research. SSR allelic data may be provided on request.
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Acknowledgements
The financial support received from the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Ministry of Science and Technology, Government of India (GOI) (No. BT/PR7143/PBD/16/1011/2012), is gratefully acknowledged. The authors acknowledge Dr. Ramesh Vasudeva, College of Forestry, Sirsi, Uttara Kannda, Karnataka, for providing teak samples from Karnataka for this study. SB, ARS, and BV thank DBT, GOI, for the award of Junior Research Fellowship (JRF) and Senior Research Fellowship (SRF). We are thankful to the State Forest Departments of Kerala, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, Gujarat, and Madhya Pradesh for their support in collection of teak samples.
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SAD, YR: fund acquisition, conceptualization, methodology and designing the experiments, data interpretation, and writing, editing, and finalization of the manuscript. SB: SSR genotyping and data analysis as part of doctoral research and manuscript writing. ARS, BV, RBT: conducted SSR genotyping and data analysis. NMS: GIS mapping.
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Swathi Balakrishnan, Suma Arun Dev, Ambothi Rathnasamy Sakthi and Yasodha Ramasamy contributed equally to this work
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Balakrishnan, S., Dev, S.A., Sakthi, A.R. et al. Gene-ecological zonation and population genetic structure of Tectona grandis L.f. in India revealed by genome-wide SSR markers. Tree Genetics & Genomes 17, 33 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-021-01514-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11295-021-01514-x