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Sex differences in specific aspects of two animal tests of anxiety-like behavior

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Abstract

Rationale

Anxiety, a negative state of high arousal and vigilance, is especially prevalent in women, making identification of underlying mechanisms critical for developing effective therapies. With the challenge of disentangling biological and social factors in humans, animal tests can provide valuable insights, although such tests, developed in males, have unclear validity for females.

Objective

To better understand patterns of sex differences across multiple measures within two classical rodent anxiety tests.

Methods

We examined female and male adult Wistar rats (n = 15–18/group) that were single-housed in the novelty suppression of feeding test (NSFT) that involves food under a bright light in food-restricted animals, and light–dark test (LDT), which reflects innate aversion to bright light. To further validate these tests in females, we also examined the impact of 1 mg/kg diazepam.

Results

NSFT measures of the most direct interaction with food, latency to grab food and food consumed, indicated increased anxiety-like behavior in females versus males, with diazepam altering these behaviors in females but not males. Most other measures showed more similar effects of diazepam across the sexes, with some evidence of reduced anxiety-like behavior in LDT for females. Principal component analyses indicated limited relationships across behavioral factors, underscoring previous suggestions of the importance of assessing multiple measures to maximize information and ethological relevance.

Conclusions

Combining our findings and previous studies, we speculate that increased anxiety-like behavior in females manifests especially when there is a specific, life-relevant condition (e.g., food in the NSFT). Our findings also validate NSFT and LDT use in females.

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Acknowledgements

Thanks to Molly Sazer-Hopf for assistance with Fig. 1.

Funding

Work was supported by National Institutes of Health (R01 AA024109 to FWH).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychiatry, Indiana University School of Medicine, 320 W. 15th Street, NB 300E, Indianapolis, IN, 46202, USA

    Thatiane De Oliveira Sergio & Frederic W. Hopf

  2. Department of Neurology, University of California At San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA

    Thatiane De Oliveira Sergio, Claudina Kwok, Farrah Khoyloo & Frederic W. Hopf

  3. Department of Medical & Molecular Genetics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, USA

    Leah Wetherill

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  1. Thatiane De Oliveira Sergio
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  2. Leah Wetherill
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  3. Claudina Kwok
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Correspondence to Frederic W. Hopf.

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De Oliveira Sergio, T., Wetherill, L., Kwok, C. et al. Sex differences in specific aspects of two animal tests of anxiety-like behavior. Psychopharmacology 238, 2775–2787 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05893-w

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00213-021-05893-w

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