Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effect of profenofos and citrus oil on Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, key predators of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), under laboratory conditions

  • Original Research Article
  • Published:
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Application of broad spectrum synthetic insecticides can disrupt the success of beneficial insects along with resurgence of pest because of their toxic effects on biocontrol agents. The sustainable pest management in agro-ecosystem demands parallel assessment of toxic impact of insecticides to target pests and their key biocontrol agents before integrating them with insecticide use in crops. Here sub-lethal effects of profenofos, citrus oil and their mixture at their sub-lethal concentration level (LC25) recorded for citrus mealybug were assessed against adults of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) and second instar larvae of Chrysoperla carnea Stephen under laboratory conditions through consumption of treated Planococcus citri individuals. Feeding rate significantly reduced when C. montrouzieri and C. carnea were fed separately on mealybug (preys) exposed to sub-lethal concentration of profenofos, citrus oil and their mixture. Maximum prey consumption (33.10 ± 0.8, 16.05 ± 0.30 mealybug numbers) was observed in citrus oil treatment followed by single treatment of profenofos (21.05 ± 0.80, 10.85 ± 0.30) when compared with control (40.15 ± 0.80, 24.85 ± 0.30) (untreated) for C. montrouzieri and C. carnea, respectively after 24 h. Lowest number of P. citri consumption was assessed in mix of profenofos with citrus oil (15.15 ± 0.80, 7.75 ± 0.30) for C. montrouzieri and C. carnea respectively. Mortality of both predators was influenced by ingestion of contaminated mealybug such as least mortality (15%, 35%) was recorded with citrus oil while maximum (25%, 60%) in mixture of profenofos compared to control (10%, 30%) for C. montrouzieri and C. carnea, respectively. Predator preferences behavior also showed avoidance response towards profenofos and its mix with citrus oil as both predators spent maximum time (minutes) on leaves treated with citrus oil followed by profenofos whereas least was observed on mix of profenofos with citrus oil when compared with untreated leaves (control). Citrus oil alone at sub-lethal concentration may be utilized with both C. montrouzieri and C. carnea. From present findings, use profenofos even at sub-lethal concentration should be avoided when C. montrouzieri adult and /or larvae of C. carnea may be used for mealybug suppression.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Fig. 1
Fig. 2

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Abdallah FB, Slima AB, Dammak I, Keskes-Ammar L, Mallek Z (2010) Comparative effects of dimethoate and deltamethrin on reproductive system in male mice. Andrologia 42(3):182–186

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad M, Ossiewatsch HR, Basedow T (2003) Effects of neem-treated aphids as food/hosts on their predators and parasitoids. J Appl Entomol 127(8):458–464

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad F, Akram W, Sajjad A, Imran A (2011) Management practices against cotton mealybug, Phenacoccus Solenopsis (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). Intern J Agric Biol 13:547–552

    Google Scholar 

  • Amarasekare KG, Shearer PW (2013) Comparing effects of insecticides on two green lacewings species, Chrysoperla johnsoni and Chrysoperla carnea (NeuropteraChrysopidae). J Econ Entomol 106(3):1126–1133

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose DP, George PJE (1998) Comparative toxicological effects of monocrotophos to the third nymphal instars and the adults of Acanthaspis pedestris Stål, a potential biocontrol agent (Insecta: Heteroptera: Reduviidae). Indian J Environmental Sci 2:105–111

    Google Scholar 

  • Ambrose DP, Rajan SJ, Raja JM (2010) Impacts of Synergy-505 on the functional response and behavior of the reduviid bug, Rhynocoris marginatus. J Insect Sci 10:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ashfaq M, Abida N, Ghulam Mustafa C (2004) Advances in mass rearing of Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae). South Pacific Stud 24:47–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Belzunces LP, Tchamitchian S, Brunet JL (2012) Natural effects of insecticides in the honey bee. Apidologie 43:348–370

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Berg GL, Sine C, Meister RT, Poplyk J (2003) Farm Chemicals Handbook. Meister Publishing Co Willoughby, Australia

    Google Scholar 

  • Biondi A, Mommaerts V, Smagghe G, Viñuela E, Zappalà L, Desneux N (2012) The non-target impact of spinosyns on beneficial arthropods. Pest Manag Sci 68:1523–1536

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Blumberg D, Klein M, Mendel Z (1995) Response by encapsulation of four mealybug species (Homoptera: Pseudococcidae) to parasitization by Anagyrus pseudococci. Phytoparasitica 23(2):157–163

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Candolfi MP, Barrett KL, Campbell P, Forster R, Grandy N, Huet MC, Lewis G, Oomen PA, Schmuck R, Vogt H (2001) Guidance document on regulatory testing and risk assessment procedures for plant protection products with non-target arthropods. In: SETAC/ESCORT2 workshop report, 21–23 March 2000

  • Castro AA, Lacerda MC, Zanuncio TV, Ramalho FS, Polanczyk RA, Serra˜o JE, Zanuncio JC, (2012) Effect of the insect growth regulator diflubenzuron on the predator Podisus nigrispinus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae). Ecotoxicology 21:96–103

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chacko MJ, Bhat PK, Rao LVA, Singh MBD, Ramanarayan EP, Sreedharan K (1978) The use of the ladybird beetle cryptolaemus montrouzieri for the control of coffee mealybugs. J Coffee Res 8:14–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Deng L, Dai J, Cao H, Xu M (2007) Effects of methamidophos on the predating behavior of Hylyphantes graminicola (Sundevall) (Araneae: Linyphiidae). Environ Toxicol Chem 26:478–482

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Desneux N, Decourtye A, Delpuech JM (2007) The sublethal effects of pesticides on beneficial arthropods. Annu Rev Entomol 52:81–106

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Evans Samuel C, Shaw Emma M, Ann Rypstra L (2010) Exposure to a glyphosate-based herbicide affects agrobiont predatory arthropod behaviour and long-term survival. Ecotoxicology 19:1249–1257

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes FL, Bacci L, Fernandes MS (2010) Impact and selectivity of insecticides to predators and parasitoids. Entomo Bras 3:1–10

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandes ME, Alves FM, Pereira RC, Aquino LA, Fernandes FL, Zanuncio JC (2016) Lethal and sub-lethal effects of seven insecticides on three beneficial insects in laboratory assays and field trials. Chemosphere 156:45–55

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, Suma P, da Silva EB, Blumberg D, Mendel Z (2004) Management strategies of mealybug pests of citrus in Mediterranean countries. Phytoparasitica 32:507–522

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franco JC, Zada A, Mendel Z (2009) Novel approaches for the management of mealybug pests. In: Ishaaya I, Horowitz AR (eds) Biorational control of arthropod pests—application and resistance management. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 233–278

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Galvan TL, Koch RL, Hutchison WD (2005) Toxicity of commonly used insecticides in sweet corn and soybean to multicolored Asian lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). J Econ Entomol 98(3):780–789

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Galvan TL, Picanc¸o, MC, Bacci L, Pereira EJG, Crespo ALB, (2002) Selectivity of eight insecticides to predators of citrus caterpillars. Pesqui Agropecu Bras 37:117–122

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gardiner MM, Fiedler AK, Costamagna AC, Landis DA (2011) Integrating conservation biological control into IPM systems. In: Radcliffe EB, Hutchison WD (eds) Integrated Pest Management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp 151–162

    Google Scholar 

  • Gholamzadehchitgar M, Hajizadeh J, Ghadamyari, M, Karimi-Malati A, Hoda H (2014) Sublethal effects of diazinon, fenitrothion and chlorpyrifos on the functional response of predatory bug, Andrallus spinidens Fabricius (Hemiptera.: Pentatomidae) in the laboratory conditions. J King Saud University-Sci 26(2):113–118

  • Hollingsworth RG (2005) Limonene, a citrus extract, for control of mealybugs and scale insects. Ecotoxicology 98:772–779

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gill HK, Garg H (2014) Pesticide: environmental impacts and management strategies. Pesticides-Toxic Aspects 8:187

    Google Scholar 

  • Gill HK, Goyal G, Gillett-Kaufman J (2013) Citrus Mealybug Planococcus citri (Risso) (Insecta: Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). University of Florida, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) EENY, 537: 1–4

  • Huo RM, Cao HQ, Xu GW, Tang F, Li XD (2004) The integrative toxicity effects of beta-cypermethrin on Propylea japonica larvae and Aphis gossiypii adults. Acta Phytophys Sin 31:96–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Hurej M, Dutcher JD (1994) Indirect effect of insecticides on convergent lady beetle (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) in pecan orchards. J Econ Entomol 87(6):1632–1635

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain D, Ali A, Tariq R, Mushtaq-ul-Hassan M, Saleem M (2012) Comparative toxicity of some new chemistry insecticides on Chrysoperla carnea (Stephens) under laboratory conditions. J Agric Res 50(4):509–515

    Google Scholar 

  • Isman MB (2000) Plant essential oils for pest and disease management. Crop protection 19(8-10): 603-608

  • Isman MB, Wilson JA, Bradbury R (2008) Insecticidal activities of commercial rosemary oils h(Rosmarinus officinalis) against larvae of Pseudaletia unipuncta and Trichoplusia ni in relation to their chemical composition. Pharm Biol 46:82–87

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kerns D, Wright G, Loghry J (2001) Citrus mealybug (Planococcus citri). Part of the publication “Citrus arthropod pest management in Arizona”, Cooperative Extension, University of Arizona

  • Kimbaris AC, Papachristos DP, Michaelakis A, Martinou AF, Polissiou MG (2010) Toxicity of plant essential oil vapors to aphid pests and their coccinellid predators. J Insect Sci 13:142

    Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Wu K, Jiang Y, Guo Y, Desneux N (2012) widespread adoption of Bt cotton and insecticide decrease promotes biocontrol services. Nature 487:362–365

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mansour R, Suma P, Mazzeo G, Grissa Lebdi K, Russo A (2011) Evaluating side effects of newer insecticides on the vine mealybug parasitoid Anagyrus sp. near pseudococci, with implications for integrated pest management in vineyards. Phytoparasitica 39:369–376

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Musabyimana T, Saxena RC, Kairu EW, Ogol C, Khan ZR (2001) Effects of neem seed derivatives on behavioral and physiological responses of the Cosmopolites sordidus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). J Econ Entomol 94:449–454

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Nakamuta K (1982) Switchover in searching behaviour of Coccinella septempunctata L. (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) caused by prey consumption. Appl Entomol Zool 501–506

  • Nakamuta K (1985) Mechanism of the switchover from extensive to area-concentrated search behaviour of the ladybird beetle, Coccinella septempunctata bruckii. J Insect Physiol 31 849 856

  • Papachristos DP, Kimbaris AC, Papadopoulos NT, Polissiou MG (2009) Toxicity of citrus essential oils against Ceratitis capitata (Diptera: Tephritidae) larvae. Annals Appl Biol 155:381–389

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pakyari H, Kasirloo F, Arbab A (2016) Effect of sublethal doses of abamectin and fenpropathrin on functional response of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) predator of Planococcus citri (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae). J Entomol Zoology Stud 4(1):469–473

    Google Scholar 

  • Pekár S (2012) Spiders (Araneae) in the pesticide world: an ecotoxicological review. Pest Manage Sci 68:1438–1446

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perez-Jaggi R (1995) Yellow variegation in Coleus blumei (Bentham) and selected life history traits of Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). (Doctoral dissertation). Purdue University, West Lafayette

  • Petrakis PV, Roussis V, Papadimitriou D, Vagias C, Tsitsimpikou C (2005) The effects of terpenoid extracts from 15 pine species on the feeding behavioural sequence of the late instars of the pine processionary caterpillar Thaumetopea pityocampa. Behav Proc 69:303–322

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pisa LW, Amaral-Rogers V, Belzunces LP, Bonmatin JM, Downs CA, Goulson D, Kreutzweiser DP, Krupke C, Liess M, McField M, Morrissey CA, Noome DA, Settele J, Simon-Dels N, Stark JD, Van der Sluijs JP, Van Dyck H, Wiemers M (2015) Effects of neonicotinoids and fipronil on non-target invertebrates. Environ Sci Pollut Res 22:68–102

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rugno GR, Zanardi OZ, Yamamoto PT (2015) Are the pupae and eggs of the lacewing Ceraeochrysa cubana (Neuroptera: Chrysopidae) tolerant to insecticides? J Econ Entomol 108(6):2630–2639

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Saber M (2011) Acute and population level toxicity of imidacloprid and fenpyroximate on an important egg parasitoid, Trichogramma cacoeciae (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). Ecotoxicology 20:1476–1484

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sally R, Singh AB, Keith FA, Walters A, Port GR, B, Phil Northinga, (2004) Consumption rates and predatory activity of adult and fourth instar larvae of the seven spot ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata (L.), following contact with dimethoate residue and contaminated prey in laboratory arenas. Biol Control 30:127–133

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos KFA, Zanardi OZ, De morais M R, Jacob CRO, Deoliveira MB, Yamamoto PT, (2017) The impact of six insecticides commonly used in control of agricultural pests on the generalist predator Hippodamia convergens (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae). Chemosphere 186:218–226

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Silva DMD, Bueno ADF (2014) Toxicity of organic supplies for the egg parasitoid Telenomus podisi. Ciência Rural 44(1):11–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SR, Walters KFA, Port GR (2001) Behaviour of the adult seven spot ladybird, Coccinella septempunctata (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae), in response to dimethoate residue on bean plants in the laboratory. Bull Entomol Res 91(3):221–226

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Singh SR, Walters KF, Port GR & Northing P (2004) Consumption rates and predatory activity of adult and fourth instar larvae of the seven spot lady bird, Coccinella septempunctata (L.), following contact with dimethoate residue and contaminated prey in laboratory arenas. Biol Control 30(2):127–133

  • Smith SF, Krischik VA (2000) Effects of biorational pesticides on four coccinellid species (Coleoptera: Coccinellidae) having potential as biological control agents in interiorscapes. J Econ Entomol 93(3):732–736

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Stark JD, Vargas R, Banks JE (2007) Incorporating ecologically relevant measures of pesticide effect for estimating the compatibility of pesticides and biocontrol agents. J Econ Entomol 100:1027–1032

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sterk G, Hassan SA, Baillod M, Bakker F, Bigler F, Blümel S, Calis JNM (1999) Results of the seventh joint pesticide testing programme carried out by the IOBC/WPRS-Working Group ‘Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms.’ Biol Control 44(1):99–117

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Suchail S, Guez D, Belzunces LP (2001) Discrepancy between acute and chronic toxicity induced by imidacloprid and its metabolites in Apis mellifera. Environ Toxicol Chem 20:2482–2486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Suma P, Zappalà L, Mazzeo G, Siscaro G (2009) Lethal and sub-lethal effects of insecticides on natural enemies of citrus scale pests. Biocontrol 54:651–661

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Torres JB, Ruberson JR (2004) Toxicity of thiamethoxam and imidacloprid to Podisus nigrispinus (Dallas) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) nymphs associated to aphid and whitefly control in cotton. Neotrop Entomol 33:99–106

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vincent JF, Wegst UG (2004) Design and mechanical properties of insect cuticle. Arthropod Struct Dev 33(3):187–1999

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • WageningenCarter MC, Dixon AFG (1984) Foraging behaviour of coccinellid larvae: duration of intensive search. J Econ Entomol 91:1–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Walton VM, Pringle KL (1999) Effects of pesticides used on table grapes on the mealybug parasitoid Coccidoxenoides peregrines (Timberlake) (Hymenoptera: Encyrtidae). S Afr J Enol Vitic 20:31–34

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wang LP, Shen J, Ge LQ, Wu JC, Yang GQ, Jahn GC (2010) Insecticide-induced increase in the protein content of male accessory glands and its effect on the fecundity of females in the brown plant hopper Nilaparvata lugens Stål (Hemiptera: Delphacidae). Crop Prot 29(11):1280–1285

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wennergren U, Stark JD (2000) Modeling long-term effects of pesticides on populations: beyond just counting dead animals. Ecol Appl 10:295-302 

  • Zappalà L (2010) Citrus integrated pest management in Italy. In: Ciancio A, Mukerji KG (eds) Integrated management of arthropod pests and insect borne diseases, Integrated management of plant pests and diseases, vol 5. part 1. Springer Science & Business Media BV, Dordrecht, pp 73–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang W, Ricketts TH, Kremen C, Carney K, Swinton SM (2007) Ecosystem services and dis-services to agriculture. Ecol Econ 64:253–260

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

RB is thankful to the PMAS Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Pakistan for facilities to perform her research work. She is also obliged to her University for study leave during her research studies.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Entomology, Pir Mehr Ali Shah, Arid Agriculture University Rawalpindi, Rawalpindi, Pakistan

    Rehana Bibi, Munir Ahmad, Asim Gulzar & Muhammad Tariq

  2. Department of Plant Protection , Ghazi University, DG Khan, Pakistan

    Rehana Bibi

Authors
  1. Rehana Bibi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Munir Ahmad
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Asim Gulzar
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Muhammad Tariq
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rehana Bibi.

Ethics declarations

Conflict of interest

The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bibi, R., Ahmad, M., Gulzar, A. et al. Effect of profenofos and citrus oil on Cryptolaemus montrouzieri Mulsant and Chrysoperla carnea Stephens, key predators of citrus mealybug, Planococcus citri (Risso), under laboratory conditions. Int J Trop Insect Sci 42, 379–387 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00555-y

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s42690-021-00555-y

Keywords

Search

Navigation