Abstract
The multi-faceted process of aging encompasses various human pathologies such as diabetes, hypertension, neurological and cardiovascular diseases and cancer among many others. The hallmarks of aging has broadened the scope of eligible interventions aimed at delaying aging. Among the scores of anti-aging strategies, dietary restriction (DR) intervention has opened gamut of physiological benefits for humans. In this review, we elucidate briefly the two strict DR approaches practiced among humans especially for weight loss, but additionally for its metabolic benefits and lifespan elongating effects. Calorie restriction has been tried in diverse model organisms including humans, but CR has been challenging for humans due to its adverse effect. We discuss the metabolic pathways operating in case of intermittent fasting (IF) and calorie restriction (CR). Lastly we review a vital mechanism observed during fasting, ketogenesis, and scrutinize the latest emerging dieting trend keto diet with reference to IF.
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Abbreviations
- AcAc:
-
Acetoacetate
- ADF:
-
Alternate Day Fasting
- AMP:
-
Adenosine monophosphate
- AMPK:
-
AMP activated protein kinase
- ATG:
-
Autophagy related genes
- ATP:
-
Adenosine triphosphate
- BBB:
-
Blood- brain barrier
- BHB:
-
β- hydroxybutyrate
- CALERIE:
-
Comprehensive assessment of Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy
- CNS:
-
Central nervous system
- CR:
-
Caloric restriction
- CRM:
-
Calorie restriction mimetics
- DR:
-
Dietary restriction
- ELS:
-
Essential life span
- FFA:
-
Free fatty acids
- FGF 21:
-
Fibroblast growth factor 21
- FOXO:
-
Forkhead box O
- HDL:
-
High density lipoprotein
- IF:
-
Intermittent fasting
- IGF-1:
-
Insulin- like growth factor 1
- IIS:
-
Insulin- like growth factor 1(IGF-1) signaling
- KD:
-
Ketogenic diet
- LDL:
-
Low density lipoprotein
- Mtor:
-
Mammalian target of rapamycin
- NAD+ :
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- NADH:
-
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide hydrogen
- NRF 2:
-
Nuclear factor erythroid 2–related factor 2
- PGC-1α:
-
Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1 α
- PMRS:
-
Plasma membrane redox system
- PPAR-α:
-
Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor α
- RBC:
-
Red blood cells
- S6K1:
-
Ribosomal S6 kinase
- SIRT:
-
Sirtuin
- TF:
-
Transcription factor
- TRF:
-
Time-Restricted Feeding
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Funding
This work was supported by a research grant to SIR from SERB-DST, (EMR/2016/006470), Govt of India. The work has also been supported by a research grant to Sukanya Bhoumik from Senior Research.
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Bhoumik, S., Rizvi, S.I. Anti‐aging effects of intermittent fasting: a potential alternative to calorie restriction?. Biologia 76, 2329–2336 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00770-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11756-021-00770-5