Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-dnltx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-23T16:06:26.627Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Media influence on public policy in Kenya

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  07 June 2021

David Irwin*
Affiliation:
Department of Politics, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
Njeri Kiereini*
Affiliation:
Media consultant, Kenya

Abstract

Many scholars argue that the media can influence policymakers – determining the policy agenda, framing issues, prioritising issues and, on occasion, setting the policy as well. It could be, however, that skilled policymakers exploit the media, so that the media in fact reflects the issues that policymakers want debated. This then poses an important question of whether the media does indeed influence the public policy process. The topic of media influence is widely studied in consolidated democracies but there has been limited research in consolidating democracies. This paper addresses both of these gaps – through exploring the extent to which the media influences policymakers in Kenya, a country perceived to have a moderately free press and one in which a range of interest groups vie to influence government and thus with a media likely to carry a range of competing opinions.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), 2021. Published by Cambridge University Press

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Adams, W.C. 2015. ‘Conducting semi-structured interviews’, in Newcomer, K.E., Hatry, H.P. & Wholey, J.S., eds. Handbook of Practical Programme Evaluation. Hoboken, NJ: Jossey-Bass, 492505.Google Scholar
AFRIC. 2019. ‘Do African media influence state policies?’ <https://afric.online/16172-do-african-media-influence-state-policies/>, accessed 4.1.2020.,+accessed+4.1.2020.>Google Scholar
Article 19. 2018. ‘Kenya: Violations of Media Freedom 2017–2018.’ Nairobi: Article 19 Eastern Africa.Google Scholar
Baumgartner, F.R. & Jones, B.D.. 1993. Policy Dynamics. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Booth, D., Cooksey, B., Golooba-Mutebi, F. & Kanyinga, K.. 2014. ‘East African prospects: an update on the political economy of Kenya, Rwanda, Tanzania and Uganda.’ London: ODI.Google Scholar
Cárdenas, P.J., Declerq, A., Shi Lai, M. & Rasquinet, N.. 2017. ‘The political economy of media capture.’ London: LSE Capstone for DFID & World Bank.Google Scholar
Cheeseman, N. & Smith, J.. 2019. ‘The retreat of African Democracy.’ Foreign Affairs, <https://iga.fyi/med1b>, accessed 1.10.2019.,+accessed+1.10.2019.>Google Scholar
Cochran, C.L. & Malone, E.F.. 2005. Public Policy: Perspectives and Choices. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner.Google Scholar
Coronel, S.S. 2003. ‘The role of the media in deepening democracy.’ United Nations Online Network in Public Administration & Finance. <iga.fyi/coronel>, accessed 3.10.2019.,+accessed+3.10.2019.>Google Scholar
Davis, A., Javernick-Will, A. & Cook, S.M.. 2018. ‘A comparison of interviews, focus groups and photovoice to identify sanitation priorities and increase success of community-based sanitation systems’, Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 4: 1451–63.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2017. Freedom of the Press 2017: Press Freedom's Dark Horizon. Washington, DC: Freedom House.Google Scholar
Freedom House. 2019. Freedom in the World 2019: Democracy in Retreat. Washington, DC: Freedom House.Google Scholar
Friend, J.K., Power, J.M. & Yewlett, C.J.. 1974. Public Planning: The Intercorporate Dimension. London: Tavistock Publishers.Google Scholar
Goodin, R.E., Rein, M. & Moran, M.. 2008. ‘The public and its policies’, in Moran, M., Rein, M. & Goodin, R.E., eds. The Oxford Handbook of Public Policy. Oxford: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hadland, A. 2015. Media-state Relations in Emerging Democracies. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hill, M. 2009. The Public Policy Process, 5th edn. London: Pearson Longman.Google Scholar
Jones, B.D. & Wolfe, M.. 2010. ‘Public Policy and the Mass Media: An Information Processing Approach’, in Koch-Baumgarten, S. & Voltmer, K., eds. Public Policy and the Media: The Interplay of Mass Communication and Political Decision Making. New York, NY: Routledge, 1743.Google Scholar
Jordan, A.G. & Maloney, W.A.. 2007. Democracy and Interest Groups: enhancing participation. Basingstoke: Palgrave Macmillan.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenya Audience Research Foundation (KARF). 2015. ‘Media Establishment Survey.’ Nairobi: KARF.Google Scholar
Kenya Law Reform Commission (KLRC). 2015. A Guide to the Legislative Process in Kenya. Nairobi: KLRC.Google Scholar
Kiage, P. 2015. ‘The print media and the land reform debate in the Kenya 2013 presidential election’, in Njogu, K., ed. Elections and the Possibilities of Land in Kenya: Revisiting the 2013 General Election. Nairobi: Twaweza Communications.Google Scholar
Kingdon, J.W. 1995. Agenda, Alternatives and Public Policies, 2nd edn. New York, NY: HarperCollins College Publishers.Google Scholar
Madar, H.A. 2017. ‘Influence of new media on political changes in Africa.’ <https://iga.fyi/med1a>, accessed 1.10.2019.,+accessed+1.10.2019.>Google Scholar
Mwangi, C. 2018. ‘Media influence on public policy in Kenya: the case of illicit brew consumption’, Sage Open 8, 2: 113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ngugi, P.K. & Kinyua, C.. 2014. ‘The concept and philosophy of community radio stations in the Kenyan context’, Journal of Mass Communication & Journalism 2, 1: 18.Google Scholar
Njogu, K. 2013. ‘Citizen participation in decision making: towards inclusive development in Kenya.’ Nairobi: Twaweza Communications.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nyamnjoh, F.B. 2009. ‘Africa's media: democracy and belonging’, in Njogu, K. & Middleton, J.F.M., eds. Media and Identity in Africa. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Nyamnjoh, F.B. 2017. ‘Reporting and writing Africa in a world of unequal encounters’, in Bunce, M., Franks, S. & Paterson, C., eds. Africa's Media Image in the 21st century: From the ‘Heart of Darkness' to ‘Africa Rising'. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Ogola, G. 2011. ‘The political economy of the media in Kenya: from Kenyatta's nation-building press to Kibaki's local-language FM radio’, Africa Today 57, 3: 7795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pepper, R. 2010. ‘Better regulation for growth: regulatory capacity review of Kenya.’ Washington, DC: World Bank Group.Google Scholar
PSC. 2018. ‘Evaluation report for the year 2017/2018 on Public Service compliance with the values and principles in articles 10 and 232 of the Constitution.’ Nairobi: Public Service Commission, Republic of Kenya.Google Scholar
Reporters without Borders. 2019. ‘World Press Freedom Index 2017.’ <https://rsf.org/en/ranking/2019>, accessed 1.10.2019.,+accessed+1.10.2019.>Google Scholar
Rose, R. 1989. Ordinary People in Public Policy: a behavioural analysis. London: Sage.Google Scholar
Russell, A., Dwidar, M. & Jones, B.D.. 2016. ‘The mass media and the policy process’, in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Soroka, S. 2002. ‘Agenda setting dynamics in Canada.’ Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press.Google Scholar
Soroka, S. & Wlezien, C.. 2019. ‘Tracking the coverage of public policy in mass media’, Policy Studies Journal 47, 2: 471–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Soroka, S., Lawlor, A., Farnsworth, S. & Young, L.. 2015. ‘Mass media and policymaking’, in Araral, E., Fritzen, S., Howlett, M., Ramesh, M. & Xun, W., eds. Routledge Handbook of the Policy Process. London: Routledge.Google Scholar
Tresch, A., Sciarini, P. & Varone, F.. 2012. ‘Media, politcs and policymaking: lessons from Switzerland’, Perspectives on Europe 42, 2: 2934.Google Scholar
Walgrave, S. & Van Aelst, P.. 2016. ‘Political agenda setting and the mass media’, in Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Politics. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar
Wanyande, P. 1995. ‘Mass media-state relations in post-colonial Kenya’, Africa Media Review, 9.Google Scholar
Wolfe, M., Jones, B.D. & Baumgartner, F.R.. 2013. ‘A failure to communicate: agenda setting in media and policy studies’, Political Communication 30, 2: 175–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Interviews

Joint Agriculture Sector Consultation and Cooperation Mechanism, 29.7.2019.Google Scholar
Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research & Analysis, Private Sector Development, 7.8.2018.Google Scholar
Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research & Analysis, Knowledge Management, 31.7.2018.Google Scholar
Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research & Analysis, Communications, 7.8.2018.Google Scholar
Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research & Analysis, Trade, 27.8.2019.Google Scholar
Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research & Analysis, Governance, 27.8.2019.Google Scholar
Kenya Institute for Public Policy Research & Analysis, Trade & Foreign Policy, 28.8.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation, State Department for Livestock, 2.8.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock, Fisheries and Irrigation, State Department for Crops, 30.7.2018.Google Scholar
Ministry of East African Community & Regional Development, Business Reform & Transformation, 25.9.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Department for East African Community Affairs, 24.9.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate of Economic Affairs, 4.10.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Directorate of Peace & Security, 12.10.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives, Department of Medium & Large Industries, 27.8.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives, Department of Trade Monitoring, 1.10.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives, International Trade, 1.10.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Information, Communications & Technology, Department of Public Communications, 6.8.2019.Google Scholar
Office of the Attorney General, Business Registration Services, 6.8.2019.Google Scholar
National Treasury, Budget, Fiscal & Economic Affairs, 27.8.2018.Google Scholar
Legal & Intergovernmental Liaison Office, 27.7.2018.Google Scholar
Ministry of Labour, 16.7.2019.Google Scholar
Central Bank of Kenya, Governor's Office, 7.8.2019.Google Scholar
Office of the Attorney General, Official Receiver's Office, 7.8.2019.Google Scholar
Office of the Attorney General, Official Receiver's Office, 8.8.2019.Google Scholar
Government Advertising Agency, 14.8.2019.Google Scholar
Micro & Small Enterprises Authority, 25.9.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Economic Affairs, 4.10.2019.Google Scholar
Kenya Export Promotion & Branding Agency, 9.10.2019.Google Scholar
Nairobi City County Veterinary Services, Food Systems, 15.7.2019.Google Scholar
Ministry of Industry, Trade and Cooperatives, Trade, 1.10.2019.Google Scholar
Public Service Commission, Public Communications Officer, 5.8.2019.Google Scholar
Senate, Special Adviser to the Senator for Nairobi, 21.8.2018.Google Scholar
Women Enterprise Fund (Ministry of Public Service, Youth & Gender Affairs), Acting Manager, Monitoring & Evaluation, 1.10.2019.Google Scholar