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Modelling Habitat Suitability for the Breeding Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq

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Iranian Journal of Science and Technology, Transactions A: Science Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) is an endangered species with a globally declining population. Information on the current habitat distribution and potential suitable habitat for this ecologically important species will provide invaluable insight into conservation planning and the species’ future status as climate changes. This is specifically important for areas where there are little or no reported data on the status of the Egyptian Vulture. We used 13 years nest-site records (n = 69) together with relevant environmental variables to understand the known distribution and predict potential habitat distribution of the Egyptian Vulture in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. A machine learning model, maximum entropy, was used to generate various model options, from which the best model was selected based on the Akaike information criterion (AICc) statistical indicators. The model showed reasonably good discriminative ability using both True Skill Statistics TSS = 0.722 and Area under the Curve (AUC) = 0.825 metrics. The Egyptian Vultures in Iraq mainly breed in territories at elevations between 1000 and 3300 m above sea level. This suggests that the species shows preference to areas distant from human settlements likely due to decreased disturbance and that the species may rely on alternative/complementary food sources (e.g. wild goat and boar). The total area of the study site is approximately 51,069 km2, out of which around 25% (12,767 km2) is predicted as suitable breeding habitat for the Egyptian Vulture. The output of this study provides useful baseline information for conservation actions and plans.

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Acknowledgements

We would like to express our gratitude to Dr. Volen Arkumarev from the Bulgarian Society for the Protection of Birds/BirdsLife Bulgaria for reviewing and providing invaluable comments and feedback on the manuscript. Richard Porter’s advice and teachings on designing fieldwork and bird surveys have been invaluable. We also would like to thank NI and the KBF for supporting the survey efforts, without which this paper could not have been written. We also would like to thank the anonymous reviewers for their valuable comments and feedback.

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No funding was received for this study.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biology, College of Education, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, 334, Iraq

    Nabaz R. Khwarahm

  2. Department of Biology, College of Science, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, 334, Iraq

    Korsh Ararat

  3. WorldPop, Geography and Environmental Science, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK

    Sarchil Qader

  4. Natural Resources Department, College of Agricultural Engineering Sciences, University of Sulaimani, Sulaimani, Kurdistan Region, 334, Iraq

    Sarchil Qader

  5. Surveying and Geomatics Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Tishk International University, Erbil, Kurdistan Region, 44001, Iraq

    Ayad M. Fadhil Al-Quraishi

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  1. Nabaz R. Khwarahm
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Correspondence to Nabaz R. Khwarahm.

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Appendix

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See Figs.

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figure 4

Response curve of Egyptian vulture habitat suitability to elevation

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Response curve of Egyptian vulture habitat suitability to temperature annual range (bio7)

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figure 6

Response curve of Egyptian vulture habitat suitability to Precipitation Seasonality (Coefficient of Variation) (bio15)

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Khwarahm, N.R., Ararat, K., Qader, S. et al. Modelling Habitat Suitability for the Breeding Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Sci 45, 1519–1530 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40995-021-01150-z

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