Abstract
Callous-unemotional (CU) traits and effortful control (EC) are two early dispositions that play a key role in developmental pathways of childhood-onset conduct problems (CP). Recently, a randomized controlled trial of an early parenting intervention (PI) with parents of preschoolers with CP, called Hitkashrut, indicated that these dispositions are interrelated, and can be improved following treatment. The objective of the current study was to use Hitkashrut’s 2-wave dataset to test a temperamentally-driven mechanism in which EC is hypothesized to mediate PI’s effect on CU traits. Parents of 209 preschoolers (163 boys; 46 girls), with subclinical-clinical range CP were assigned to 14-session co-parent training groups (n = 140 couples), or to minimal intervention control groups (n = 69 couples). All participants were Jewish ranging from ultra-orthodox to secular. We employed averaged indices of pre- and post-intervention questionnaires completed by both parents. An intent-to-treat analysis showed that EC partially mediated treatment effect on CU traits, while controlling for treatment effect on CP. A nonsignificant alternative model in which CU traits mediate effect on children’s EC further supported the hypothesis that change in EC preceded change in CU traits. This is the first demonstration of EC mediated treatment effect on CU traits in a randomized controlled study conducted in everyday practice settings. Overall, the results suggested that CU traits are malleable following appropriate treatment and affected by improvement in temperamental self-regulatory capacity as indicated by EC. The results suggest that preschoolers’ CU traits can be improved by incorporating intervention that enhance self-regulation capabilities.
Highlights
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Effortful control (EC) mediated parenting intervention’s effect on callous-unemotional (CU) traits in real-world settings.
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Preschoolers’ CU traits can be improved by enhancing self-regulation capabilities.
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EC partially mediated treatment effect on CU traits, while controlling for CP.
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The study was supported by grants from the Hebrew University, including grants for early intervention research from the Lubin and Levin Foundations, and by an Azrieli Fellowship awarded to Lior Y. Somech from the Azrieli Foundation. I thank Yosef Hockman for editing the manuscript and helpful suggestions.
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Somech, L.Y. Effortful Control Mediates the Effect of Parenting Intervention on Preschool Callous-Unemotional Traits. J Child Fam Stud 30, 1920–1932 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01988-2
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01988-2