Abstract
In response to the target article by Teresi et al. (2021), we explain why the article is useful and we also present a different approach. An alternative category of differential item functioning (DIF) is presented with a corresponding way of modeling DIF, based on random person and random item effects and explanatory covariates.
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De Boeck, P., Cho, SJ. Not all DIF is shaped similarly. Psychometrika 86, 712–716 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-021-09772-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11336-021-09772-3