Abstract
The risk-taking behavior of drivers results in traffic crashes on the road network. These crashes cause an increase in social costs in terms of an increase in injuries, fatalities, and loss of public property. Speeding is one of the risk-taking behaviors that put the life of drivers and other road users in danger. The objective of this study is to identify the significant factors associated with the drivers’ speeding behavior. A comprehensive questionnaire was designed considering the theoretical background of the theory of planned behavior (TPB). The local driving environment, drivers’ attitudes, and lifestyles related factors were also considered in the design of the questionnaire. This questionnaire was conducted in Lahore city and 551 usable samples were obtained. The collected data were analyzed using the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique. The variables of TPB were confirmed through confirmatory factor analysis, whereas exploratory factor analysis was conducted on remaining statements. This factor analysis resulted in three factors, i.e., attitudes toward speeding (attitudes), drivers’ speeding passion (DSP), and traffic enforcement and awareness (TEA). The results of SEM revealed that the DSP, perceived behavioral control (PBC), and attitudes toward speeding behavior have a negative association with the speeding behavioral intentions (SBI), whereas subjective norms (SN) and traffic enforcement and awareness factors have a positive correlation with behavioral intentions. The variables of PBC and SBI are direct predictors of speeding behavior. The variable of SBI plays a mediator role to explain the influence of DSP, SN, PBC, TEA, and attitudes variables on speeding behavior. Also, the driver’s marital status, car drivers, and vehicle engine capacity have significant relationships with drivers’ speeding intentions. These findings would help in developing traffic safety and awareness policies to tackle speedy drivers.
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Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the support and cooperation of survey team members from the University of Engineering and Technology, and University of Management and Technology, Lahore in conducting the questionnaire survey. The authors are thankful to all those who have contributed and supported this research work.
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Appendix
Appendix
Part 1 |
|---|
Gender (male, female) |
Marital status (single, married) |
Age (years) |
Profession (students, employees, others) |
Income (under 30,000 PKR, 30,000–60,000 PKR and more than 60,000 PKR) |
Type of vehicle drive (car, bus, others) |
Driving experience in years (Less than 1 year, 1–2 years, 3–4 years, more than 4 years) |
Driving hours per day (Less than 1 h, 1–2 h, more than 2 h) |
Vehicle engine capacity (Under 1 L, 1–1.5 L, 1.6–2.0 L, above 2 L) |
Possessing a driving license (Yes, No) |
Have you ever experienced an accident? |
Have you ever experienced an accident due to speeding? |
Have you paid traffic fines due to speeding in the last year? |
Part 2 | Evaluation scale |
|---|---|
How often do you exceed the speed limit by 10 km/h or more on 60 km/h roads? | Never, rarely, sometimes, very often, always |
How often do you exceed the speed limit by 10 km/h or more on 80 km/h roads? | |
How often do you exceed the speed limit by 10 km/h or more on 100 km/h roads? | |
How often do you exceed the speed limit by 10 km/h or more on 120 km/h roads? | |
How hard is it to comply with speed limits on 60 km/h roads? | Very hard, hard, neutral, easy, and very easy |
How hard is it to comply with speed limits on 80 km/h roads? | |
How hard is it to comply with speed limits on100 km/h roads? | |
How hard is it to comply with speed limits on 120 km/h roads? | |
Is it acceptable for your family members, if you exceed speed limits? | Not at all acceptable, slightly acceptable, moderately acceptable, acceptable, and completely acceptable |
Is it acceptable for your friends/colleagues, if you exceed speed limits? | |
Is it acceptable for other drivers on roads if you exceed speed limits? |
Part 3 | |
|---|---|
Driving over the speed limits by 10 km/h or more is not dangerous for skilled drivers | Strongly disagree, |
I drive fast because it is a demand for a vehicle that I have | Disagree, |
I only do speeding, when we go on a long trip | Neutral, |
Speeding is something that I do without thinking | Agree, |
I get impatient with slower drivers | Strongly agree |
The drivers should receive heavy fines for speeding | |
I enjoy the feeling of driving fast | |
I think that education makes me more responsible for following traffic rules | |
The faster I drive the more alert I am | |
Drivers do speeding due to the influence of racing movies | |
I only drive fast when I have an emergency | |
Everyone should obey the speed limits because it is safe | |
I like new technologies in the vehicle that helps in speed control | |
I like adventures and thrill-seeking in life | |
The education of drivers is very important to control speedy drivers | |
I get upset when I see fellow drivers are exceeding the speed limits | |
I always get annoyed because of slow drivers |
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Javid, M.A., Ali, N., Shah, S.A.H. et al. Structural Equation Modeling of Drivers’ Speeding Behavior in Lahore: Importance of Attitudes, Personality Traits, Behavioral Control, and Traffic Awareness. Iran J Sci Technol Trans Civ Eng 46, 1607–1619 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00672-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40996-021-00672-1