Abstract
Coffee is one of the most important agricultural commodities worldwide, significantly contributing to the economies of many coffee-producing countries. Globally over 2.2 billion cups of coffee are consumed daily with over 400 million of those consumed in the United States alone. The two main cultivated species of coffee are Coffea arabica L. (Arabica coffee) and C. canephora A. Froehner (robusta coffee). The 2020/2021 global production for Arabica coffee has been forecast at 6.1 million tons and at 4.5 million tons for robusta coffee. Demand is predicted to increase in the coming years. In order to meet growing demands for coffee, additional investments in advancing coffee research are needed to deal with challenges posed by climate change and associated impacts such as higher incidence of insect pests and plant pathogens, resulting in lower productivity. To tackle the challenges faced by coffee growers in the United States, a coffee genetic resource conservation and research program has been initiated by the United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service (USDA-ARS), National Plant Germplasm System (NPGS). A coffee genetic resources collection is being established at the USDA-ARS Pacific Basin Agricultural Research Center in Hilo, Hawai’i with a back-up collection at the USDA-ARS Tropical Agricultural Research Station in Mayagüez, Puerto Rico. To help guide the development of the NPGS coffee genetic resource collection, the present coffee crop vulnerability statement developed by the Coffee and Cacao Crop Germplasm Committee provides background information about the crop, threats to coffee genetic resources, current status of coffee genetic resources and capacities, and projected future needs of coffee research, breeding, and production.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Similar content being viewed by others
Change history
11 June 2021
The original online version of this article was revised.
12 June 2021
A Correction to this paper has been published: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01232-2
References
Aerts R, Berecha G, Gijbels P, Hundera K, Van Glabeke S, Vandepitte K, Muys B, Roldán-Ruiz I, Honnay O (2012) Genetic variation and risks of introgression in the wild Coffea arabica gene pool in south-western Ethiopian montane rainforests. Evol Appl 6:243–252. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1752-4571.2012.00285.x
Agricultural Science & Technology Indicators (ASTI) (2013) International Food Policy Research Institute. https://www.asti.cgiar.org/benchmarking/lac. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Agwanda CO, Lashermes P, Trouslot P, Combes M-C, Charrier A (1997) Identification of RAPD markers for resistance to coffee berry disease, Colletotrichum kahawae, in arabica coffee. Euphytica 97:241–248. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003097913349
Anthony F, Combes M, Astorga C, Bertrand B, Graziosi G, Lashermes P (2002) The origin of cultivated Coffea arabica L. varieties revealed by AFLP and SSR markers. Theor Appl Gen 104:894–900. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-001-0798-8
Anthony F, Topart P, Martinez A, Silva M, Nicole M (2005) Hypersensitive-like reaction conferred by the Mex-1 gene against Meloidogyne exigua in coffee. Plant Pathol 54:476–482. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-3059.2005.01239.x
Anzueto F, Bertrand B, Sarah JL, Eskes AB, Decazy B (2001) Resistance to Meloidogyne incognita in Ethiopian Coffea arabica accessions. Euphytica 118:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1003712232325
Aoki S, Sipes BS, Astorga C, Nagai C (2012) Resistance of semi-wild Coffea arabica L. from Ethiopia to a root knot nematode, Meloidogyne konaensis. Nematropica 42:131–136
Asegid A (2020) Impact of climate change on production and diversity of coffee (Coffea arabica L.) in Ethiopia. Int J Res Stud Sci Eng Technol 7:31–38
Avelino J, Cristancho M, Georgiou S, Imbach P, Aguilar L, Bornemann G, Läderach P, Anzueto F, Hruska AJ, Morales C (2015) The coffee rust crises in Colombia and Central America (2008–2013): impacts, plausible causes and proposed solutions. Food Secur 7:303–321. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-015-0446-9
Baethgen W (2010) Climate risk management for adaptation to climate variability and change. Crop Sci 50:S-70–S-76. https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci2009.09.0526
Barker KR, Hussey RS, Krusberg LR, Bird GW, Dunn RA, Ferris H, Ferris VR, Freckman DW, Gabriel CJ, Grewal PS, MacGuidwin AE, Riddle DL, Roberts PA, Schmitt DP (1994) Plant and soil nematodes: societal impact and focus for the future. J Nematol 26:127–137
Bawin Y, Ruttink T, Staelens A, Haegeman A, Stoffelen P, Ithe Mwanga Mwanga, J-C, Roldán-Ruiz I, Honnay O, Janssens SB (2021) Phylogenomic analysis clarifies the evolutionary origin of Coffea arabica. J Syst Evol. https://doi.org/10.1111/jse.12694
Bekele G, Hill T (2018) A reference guide to Ethiopian coffee varieties. Counter Culture Coffee, Durham, North Carolina
Bertrand B, Peña Durán MX, Anzueto F, Cilas C, Etienne H, Anthony F, Eskes AB (2000) Genetic study of Coffea canephora coffee tree resistance to Meloidogyne incognita nematodes in Guatemala and Meloidogyne sp. nematodes in El Salvador for selection of rootstock varieties in Central America. Euphytica 113:79–86
Bertrand B, Etienne H, Eskes A (2001) Growth, production, and bean quality in Coffea arabica as affected by interspecific grafting: consequences for rootstock breeding. HortScience 36:269–273
Bittenbender HC, Easton Smith V (2008) Growing Coffee in Hawaii. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa. https://www.ctahr.hawaii.edu/oc/freepubs/pdf/coffee08.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Bramel P, Krishnan S, Horna D, Lainoff B, Montagnon C (2017) Global conservation strategy for coffee genetic resources. The Crop Trust and World Coffee Research, Bonn, Germany, p 72. https://cdn.croptrust.org/wp/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Coffee-Strategy_Mid_Res.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Bunn C, Läderach P, Ovalle Rivera O, Kirschke D (2015) A bitter cup: climate change profile of global production of Arabica and Robusta coffee. Clim Change 129:89–101. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-014-1306-x
Cabos RYM, Sipes BS, Nagai C, Serracin M, Schmitt DP (2010) Evaluation of coffee genotypes for root knot-nematode resistance. Nematropica 40:191–202
Campos VP, Villain L (2005) Nematode parasites of coffee and cocoa. In: Luc M, Sikora RA, Bridge J (eds) Plant parasitic nematodes in subtropical and tropical agriculture. CAB Publishing, Wallingford, pp 521–581
Cavaletto CG, Nagai NY, Bittenbender HC (1992) Yield, size and cup quality of coffees grown in the Hawaii State coffee trial. In: Proceedings, 14th International Conference on Coffee Science, San Francisco, CA, pp 674–678
Ciummo B (2014) What is cascara? Fresh Cup Magazine. https://www.freshcup.com/what-is-cascara/ Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Code of Federal Regulations (2020) Agriculture Foreign Quarantine Notices. Coffee. https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=b2bd0d4ebdc18d91817c3fe698334742&mc=true&node=sp7.5.319.o&rgn=div6. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Craparo ACW, Van Asten PJA, Läderach P, Jassogne LTP, Grab SW (2021) Warm nights drive Coffea arabica ripening in Tanzania. Int J Biometeorol 65:181–192. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00484-020-02016-6
Davis AP, Govaerts R, Bridson DM, Stoffelen P (2006) An annotated taxonomic conspectus of the genus Coffea (Rubiaceae). Bot J Linn Soc 152:465–512
Davis AP, Tosh J, Ruch N, Fay MF (2011) Growing coffee: Psilanthus (Rubiaceae) subsumed on the basis of molecular and morphological data: implications for the size, morphology, distribution and evolutionary history of Coffea. Bot J Linn Soc 167:357–377. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1095-8339.2011.01177
Davis AP, Gole TW, Baena S, Moat J (2012) The impact of climate change on indigenous Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica): predicting future trends and identifying priorities. PLoS ONE 7:e47981. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0047981
Davis AP, Chadburn H, Moat J, O’Sullivan R, Hargreaves S, Lughadha EN (2019) High extinction risk of wild coffee species and implications for coffee sector sustainability. Sci Adv 5:eaav3473. https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.aav3473
Davis AP, Gargiulo R, Fay MF, Sarmu D, Haggar J (2020) Lost and found: Coffea stenophylla and C. affinis, the forgotten coffee crop species of West Africa. Front Plant Sci 11:616. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2020.00616
Davis AP, Mieulet D, Moat J, Sarmu D, Haggar J (2021) Arabica-like flavour in a heat-tolerant wild coffee species. Nat Plants 7:413–418. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-021-00891-4
de los Santos-Briones C, Hernández-Sotomayor SMT (2006) Coffee biotechnology. Braz J Plant Physiol 18:217–227. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202006000100015
Dos Santos TB, Barbosa de Lima R, Nagashima GT, de Oliveira Petkowizc CL, Carpentieri-Pípolo V, Pereira LFP, Domingues DS, Vieira LGE (2015) Galactinol synthase transcriptional profile in two genotypes of Coffea canephora with contrasting tolerance to drought. Genet Mol Biol 38:182–190. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1415-475738220140171
Dulloo ME, Guarino L, Engelmann F, Maxted N, Newbury JH, Attere F, Ford-Lloyd BV (1998) Complementary conservation strategies for the genus Coffea: a case study of Mascarene Coffea species. Genet Resour Crop Evol 45:565–579
Dussert S, Serret J, Bastos-Siqueira A, Morcillo F, Déchamp E, Rofidal V, Lashermes P, Etienne H, Joët T (2018) Integrative analysis of the late maturation programme and desiccation tolerance mechanisms in intermediate coffee seeds. J Exp Bot 69:1583–1597. https://doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erx492
Eisenback JD, Bernard EC, Schmitt DP (1994) Description of the Kona coffee root-knot nematode, Meloidogyne konaensis n. sp. J Nematol 26:363–374
Esquivel P, Jiménez VM (2012) Functional properties of coffee and coffee by-products. Food Res Int 46:488–495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodres.2011.05.028
Fain SJ, Quiñones M, Álvarez-Berríos NL, Parés-Ramos IK, Gould WA (2018) Climate change and coffee: assessing vulnerability by modeling future climate suitability in the Caribbean island of Puerto Rico. Clim Change 146:175–186. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10584-017-1949-5
Fazuoli LC, Maluf MP, Guerreiro Filho O, Medina Filho H, Silvarolla MB (2000) Breeding and biotechnology of coffee. In: Sera T, Soccol CR, Pandey A, Roussos S (eds) Coffee biotechnology and quality. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 27–45
Georget F, Marie L, Alpizar E, Courtel P, Bordeaux M, Hidalgo JM, Marraccini P, Breitler J-C, Déchamp E, Poncon C, Etienne H, Bertrand B (2019) Starmaya: the first Arabica F1 coffee hybrid produced using genetic male sterility. Front Plant Sci 10:1344. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.01344
Ghini R, Hamada E, Pedro MJ Jr, Marengo JA, do Valle Gonçalves RR (2008) Risk analysis of climate change on coffee nematodes and leaf miner in Brazil. Pesq Agropec Bras 43:187–194. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-204X2008000200005
Ghini R, Hamada E, Pedro MJ Jr, do Valle Gonçalves RR (2011) Incubation period of Hemileia vastatrix in coffee plants in Brazil simulated under climate change. Summa Phytopathol 37:85–93. https://doi.org/10.1590/S0100-54052011000200001
Gichuru EK, Ithiru JM, Silva MC, Pereira AP, Varzea VMP (2012) Additional physiological races of coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) identified in Kenya. Trop Plant Pathol 37:424–427. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1982-56762012000600008
Gimase JM, Thagana WM, Omondi CO, Cheserek JJ, Gichimu BM, Gichuru EK, Ziyomo C, Sneller CH (2020) Genome-wide association study identify the genetic loci conferring resistance to coffee berry disease (Colletotrichum kahawae) in Coffea arabica var. Rume Sudan Euphytica 216:86. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-020-02621-x
Granados-Montero M, Avelino J, Arauz-Cavallini F, Castro-Tanzi S, Ureña N (2020) Hojarasca e inóculo de Mycena citricolor sobre la epidemia de ojo de gallo. Agron Mesoam 31:77–94. https://doi.org/10.15517/am.v31i1.36614
Hawaii News (2018) USDA numbers show decrease in coffee production across Hawaii, April 6, 2018. https://www.westhawaiitoday.com/2018/04/06/hawaii-news/usda-numbers-show-decrease-in-coffee-production-across-hawaii/. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Heeger A, Kosińska-Cagnazzo A, Cantergiani E, Andlauer W (2017) Bioactives of coffee cherry pulp and its utilisation for production of Cascara beverage. Food Chem 221:969–975. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2016.11.067
Huded AKC, Jingade P, Bychappa M, Mishra MK (2020) Genetic diversity and population structure analysis of coffee (Coffea canephora) germplasm collections in Indian gene bank employing SRAP and SCoT markers. Int J Fruit Sci 20(sup2):S757–S784. https://doi.org/10.1080/15538362.2020.1768618
IFPRI (International Food Policy Research Institute) (2017) ASTI: Agricultural Science and Technology Indicators. https://www.asti.cgiar.org/sites/default/files/GlobalFoodPolicy-ASTI.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
International Plant Genetic Resources Institute (1996) Descriptors for coffee (Coffea spp. and Psilanthus spp.). https://www.bioversityinternational.org/fileadmin/user_upload/online_library/publications/pdfs/365.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
IUCN (International Union for Conservation of Nature) (2020) The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. https://www.iucnredlist.org/. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Jaramillo J, Chabi-Olaye A, Kamonjo C, Jaramillo A, Vega FE, Poehling H-M, Borgemeister C (2009) Thermal tolerance of the coffee berry borer Hypothenemus hampei. Predictions of climate change on a tropical insect pest. PLoS ONE 4:e6487. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0006487
Jaramillo J, Muchugu E, Vega FE, Davis A, Borgemeister C, Chabi-Olaye A (2011) Some like it hot: the influence and implications of climate change on coffee berry borer (Hypothenemus hampei) and coffee production in East Africa. PLoS ONE 6:e24528. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0024528
Jingade P, Huded AK, Kosaraju B, Mishra MK (2019) Diversity genotyping of Indian coffee (Coffea arabica L.) germplasm accessions by using SRAP markers. J Crop Improv 3:327–345. https://doi.org/10.1080/15427528.2019.1592050
Kiwuka C, Goudsmit E, Tournebize R, Oliveida de Aquino S, Douma JC, Bellanger L, Crouzillat D, Stoffelen P, Sumirat U, Legnaté H, Marraccini P, de Kochko A, Carvalho Andrade A, Wasswa Mulumba J, Musoli P, Anten NPR, Poncet V (2021) Genetic diversity of native and cultivated Ugandan robusta coffee (Coffea canephora Pierre ex A. Froehner): climate influences, breeding potential and diversity conservation. PLoS ONE 16(2):e0245965. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0245965
Klingel T, Kremer JI, Gottstein V, de Rezende TR, Schwarz S, Lachenmeier DW (2020) A review of coffee by-products including leaf, flower, cherry husk, silver skin, and spent grounds as novel foods within the European Union. Foods 9:665. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods9050665
Krishnan S (2013) Current status of coffee genetic resources and implications for conservation. CAB Rev 8:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1079/PAVSNNR20138016
Krishnan S (2018) Ensuring the genetic diversity of coffee. In: Lashermes P (ed) Achieving sustainable cultivation of coffee. Breeding and quality traits, vol 1. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, pp 69–82. https://doi.org/10.19103/AS.2017.0022.04
Krishnan S, Bramel P, Horna D, Lainoff B, Montagnon C, Schilling T (2018) Development of a global conservation strategy for coffee genetic resources. Acta Hortic 1205. https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2018.1205.62
Labouisse J-P, Cubry P, Austerlitz F, Rivallan R, Nguyen HA (2020) New insights on spatial genetic structure and diversity of Coffea canephora (Rubiaceae) in Upper Guinea based on old herbaria. Plant Ecol Evol 153:82–100. https://doi.org/10.5091/plecevo.2020.1584
Läderach P, Haggar J, Lau C, Eitzinger A, Ovalle O, Baca M, Jarvis A, Lundy M (2010a) Mesoamerican coffee: building a climate change adaptation strategy. CIAT Policy Brief No. 2; Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, 4 pp
Läderach P, Eitzinger A, Ovalle O, Ramírez J, Jarvis A (2010b) Climate change adaptation and mitigation in the Kenyan coffee sector. Final report. Centro Internacional de Agricultura Tropical (CIAT), Cali, Colombia, 42 pp
Lashermes P, Trouslot P, Anthony F, Combes MC, Charrier A (1996) Genetic diversity for RAPD markers between cultivated and wild accession of Coffea arabica. Euphytica 87:59–64. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00022965
Lashermes P, Combes M-C, Robert J, Trouslot P, D’Hont A, Anthony F, Charrier A (1999) Molecular characterization and origin of the Coffea arabica L. genome. Mol Gen Genet 261:259–266. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004380050965
Lashermes P, Combes MC, Topart P, Graziosi G, Bertrand B, Anthony F (2000) Molecular breeding in coffee (Coffea arabica L.). In: Sera T, Soccol CR, Pandey A, Roussos S (eds) Coffee biotechnology and quality. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, pp 101–112
Lashermes P, Benoît B, Hervé E (2009) Breeding coffee (Coffea arabica) for sustainable production. In: Mohan Jain S, Priyadarshan PM (eds) Breeding plantation tree crops: tropical species. Springer, Berlin, pp 525–543
Leroy T, Ribeyre F, Bertrand B, Charmetant P, Dufour M, Montagnon C, Marraccini P, Pot D (2006) Genetics of coffee quality. Braz J Plant Physiol 18(1):229–242. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202006000100016
Magina FL, Makundi RH, Maerere AP, Maro GP, Teri JM (2010) Temporal variations in the abundance of three important insect pests of coffee in Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania. In: Proceedings, 23rd International Conference on Coffee Science, Bali, Indonesia, pp 1114–1118
Magrach A, Ghazoul J (2015) Climate and pest-driven geographic shifts in global coffee production: Implications for forest cover, biodiversity and carbon storage. PLoS ONE 10:e0133071. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0133071
Maia TA, Maciel-Zambolim E, Caixeta ET, Mizubuti ESG, Zambolim L (2013) The population structure of Hemileia vastatrix in Brazil inferred from AFLP. Australasian Plant Pathol 42:533–542. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-013-0213-3
Marie L, Abdallah C, Campa C, Courtel P, Bordeaux M, Navarini L, Lonzarich V, Bosselmann AS, Turreira-Garcia N, Alpizar E, Georget F, Breitler J-C, Etienne H, Bertrand B (2020) G × E interactions on yield and quality in Coffea arabica: new F1 hybrids outperform American cultivars. Euphytica 216:78. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10681-020-02608-8
McCook S, Vandermeer J (2015) The big rust and the red queen: long-term perspectives on coffee rust research. Phytopathology 105:1164–1173. https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-04-15-0085-RVW
Meyer FG (1965) Notes on wild Coffea arabica from southwestern Ethiopia, with some historical considerations. Econ Bot 19:136–151. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02862825
Montagnon C, Marraccini P, Bertrand B (2019) Breeding for coffee quality. In: Oberthür C et al (eds) Specialty coffee: managing quality, 2nd edn. Cropster, Innsbruck, pp 109–143
Montagnon C, Mahyoub A, Solano W, Sheibani F (2021) Unveiling a unique genetic diversity of cultivated Coffea arabica L in its main domestication center: Yemen. Genet Resour Crop Evol. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01139-y (in press)
Moschetto D, Montagnon C, Guyot B, Perriot JJ, Leroy T, Eskes AB (1996) Studies on the effect of genotype on cup quality of Coffea canephora. Trop Sci 36:18–31
Murthy PS, Naidu MM (2012) Sustainable management of coffee industry by-products and value addition: a review. Resour Conserv Recycl 66:45–58. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.06.005
Myers R, Kawabata A, Cho A, Nakamoto S (2020) Grafted coffee increases yield and survivability. HortTech 30:428–432. https://doi.org/10.21273/HORTTECH04550-20
Nagai C, Sun WG, Bittenbender HC, Meinzer FC, Cavaletto CG, Jackson M, Ming R, Osgood RV (2001) Coffee breeding and selection in Hawaii. In: Proceedings, 19th International Conference on Coffee Science, Trieste, Italy, p 8
Nagai C, Osgood RV, Cavaletto C, Bittenbender HC, Weaver K, Clayton J, Jackson M, Loero R, Ming R (2004) Breeding and selection of coffee cultivars for Hawaii with high cupping quality using Mokka hybrids. In: Proceedings, 20th International Conference on Coffee Science, Bangalore, India
Nagai C, Jones MR, Byers AE, Adamski DJ, Ming R (2006) Development and characterization of a true F2 population for genetic and QTL mapping in Arabica. Proceedings, 21st International Conference on Coffee Science, Montpellier, France
National Coffee Association (2015) Understanding the economic impact of the U.S. coffee industry. https://www.ncausa.org/Industry-Resources/Economic-Impact. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
National Coffee Association (2020) The 2020 National Coffee Data Trends Report—the “Atlas of American Coffee”. https://www.ncausa.org/Industry-Resources/Market-Research/NCDT. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Noir S, Anthony F, Bertrand B, Combes MC, Lashermes P (2003) Identification of a major gene (Mex-1) from Coffea canephora conferring resistance to Meloidogyne exigua in Coffea arabica. Plant Pathol 52:97–103. https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-3059.2003.00795.x
OEFCCA (Oromia Environment, Forest and Climate Change Authority) and OFWA (Oromia Forest and Wildlife Enterprise) (2018) Yayu coffee forest biosphere reserve management plan. http://www.phe-ethiopia.org/pdf/yayu-coffee%20-forest.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Oliveira CM, Auad AM, Mendes SM, Frizzas MR (2013) Economic impact of exotic insect pests in Brazilian agriculture. J Appl Entomol 137:1–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/jen.12018
Orozco-Castillo C, Chalmers KJ, Waugh R, Powell W (1994) Detection of genetic diversity and selective gene introgression in coffee using RAPD markers. Theor Appl Genet 87:934–940. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00225787
Ovalle-Rivera O, Läderach P, Bunn C, Obersteiner M, Schroth G (2015) Projected shifts in Coffea arabica suitability among major global producing regions due to climate change. PLoS ONE 10:e0124155. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124155
Panhuysen S, Pierrot J (2018) Coffee Barometer 2018. https://coffeebarometer.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Coffee-barometer-2018v2.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Pearl HM, Nagai C, Moore PH, Steiger DL, Osgood RV, Ming R (2004) Construction of a genetic map for arabica coffee. Theor Appl Genet 108:829–835. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-003-1498-3
Prakash NS, Combes MC, Somanna N, Lashermes P (2002) AFLP analysis of introgression in coffee cultivars (Coffea arabica L.) derived from a natural interspecific hybrid. Euphytica 124:265–271. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1015736220358
Pruvot-Woehl S, Krishnan S, Solano W, Schilling T, Toniutti L, Bertrand B, Montagnon C (2020) Authentication of Coffea arabica varieties through DNA fingerprinting and its significance for the coffee sector. J AOAC Int 103:325–334. https://doi.org/10.1093/jaocint/qsz003
Ranjitkar S, Sujakhu NM, Merz J, Kindt R, Xu J, Matin MA, Ali M, Zomer RJ (2016) Suitability analysis and projected climate change impact on banana and coffee production zones in Nepal. PLoS ONE 11(9):e0163916. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0163916
Romero G, Vasquez LM, Lashermes P, Herrera JC (2014) Identification of a major QTL for adult plant resistance to coffee leaf rust (Hemileia vastatrix) in the natural Timor hybrid (Coffea arabica x C. canephora). Plant Breed 133(1):121–129. https://doi.org/10.1111/pbr.12127
Scalabrin S, Toniutti L, Di Gaspero G, Scaglione D, Magris G, Vidotto M, Pinosio S, Cattonaro F, Magni F, Jurman I, Cerutti M, Liverani FS, Navarini L, Del Terra L, Pellegrino G, Ruosi MR, Vitulo N, Valle G, Pallavicini A, Graziosi G, Klein PE, Bentley N, Murray S, Solano W, Al Hakimi A, Schilling T, Montagnon C, Morgante M, Bertrand B (2020) A single polyploidization event at the origin of the tetraploid genome of Coffea arabica is responsible for the extremely low genetic variation in wild and cultivated germplasm. Sci Rep 10:4642. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-020-61216-7
Setoyama D, Iwasa K, Seta H, Shimizu H, Fujimura Y, Miura D, Wariishi H, Nagai C, Nakahara K (2013) High-throughput metabolic profiling of diverse green Coffea arabica beans identified tryptophan as a universal discrimination factor for immature beans. PLoS ONE 8(8):e70098. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0070098
Serracin M, Schmitt DP, Nelson S (1999) Coffee decline caused by the Kona coffee root-knot nematode. Plant Disease PD-16. Cooperative Extension Service. College of Tropical Agriculture and Human Resources, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, Hawaii, U.S.A.
Silva MDC, Várzea V, Guerra-Guimarães L, Azinheira HG, Fernandez D, Petitot AS, Bertrand B, Lashermes P, Nicole M (2006) Coffee resistance to the main diseases: leaf rust and coffee berry disease. Braz J Plant Physiol 18:119–147. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1677-04202006000100010
Silva DN, Talhinhas P, Cai L, Manuel L, Gichuru EK, Loureiro A, Várzea V, Paulo OS, Batista D (2012) Host-jump drives rapid and recent ecological speciation of the emergent fungal pathogen Colletotrichum kahawae. Mol Ecol 21:2655–2670. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-294X.2012.05557.x
Silverstrini M, Jungqueira MG, Favarin AC. Guerreiro-Filho O, Maluf MP, Silbarolla MB, Colombo CA (2007) Genetic diversity and structure of Ethiopian, Yemen and Brazilian Coffea arabica L. accessions using microsatellites markers. Genet Resour Crop Evol 54:1367–1379. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-006-9122-4
Staver C, Guharay F, Monterroso D, Muschler RG (2001) Designing pest-suppressive multistrata perennial crop systems: shade-grown coffee in Central America. Agroforestry Syst 53:151–170. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1013372403359
Steiger DL, Nagai C, Moore PH, Morden CW, Osgood RV, Ming R (2002) AFLP analysis of genetic diversity within and among Coffea arabica cultivars. Theor Appl Genet 108:209–215. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-002-0939-8
Thomas AS (1942) The wild Arabica coffee on the Boma Plateau, Anglo-Egyptian Sudan. Emp J Exp Agr 10:207–212
Torres LF, Reichel T, Déchamp E. de Aquino SO, Duarte KE, Alves GSC, Silva AT, Cotta MG, Costa TS, Diniz LEC, Breitler JC, Collin M, Paiva LV, Andrade AC, Etienne H, Marraccinet P (2019) Expression of DREB-like genes in Coffea canephora and C. arabica subjected to various types of abiotic stress. Trop Plant Biol 12:98–116. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12042-019-09223-5
UNCS - Uganda National Coffee Strategy (2015) https://ugandacoffee.go.ug/sites/default/files/Resource_center/National%20Coffee%20Strategy%20Design.pdf. Accessed 15 March 2021
USDA-NASS (2018) Pacific Region—Hawaii Coffee Marketings, Final Season Estimates. https://www.nass.usda.gov/Statistics_by_State/Hawaii/Publications/Fruits_and_Nuts/201807FinalCoffee.pdf. Accessed 15 March 2021
USDA-FAS (United States Department of Agriculture—Foreign Agriculture Service) (2020a) Coffee: World markets and trade. https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/coffee.pdf. Accessed 15 March 2021
USDA-FAS (United States Department of Agriculture—Foreign Agriculture Service) (2020b) https://www.fas.usda.gov/programs/food-progress. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Van der Vossen HAM (2018) Developing varieties of Arabica coffee. In: Lashermes P (ed) Achieving sustainable cultivation of coffee. Breeding and quality traits, vol 1. Burleigh Dodds Science Publishing, Cambridge, pp 83–113. https://doi.org/10.19103/AS.2017.0022.05
Várzea VMP, Marques DV (2005) Population variability of Hemileia vastatrix vs. coffee durable resistance. In: Zambolim L, Zambolim EM, Várzea VMP (eds) Durable resistance to coffee leaf rust. Suprema Gráfica e Editora, Ltda., Visconde do Rio Brancoc, pp 53–74
Vega FE (2008) The rise of coffee. Am Sci 96:138–145. https://doi.org/10.1511/2008.70.3640
Vega FE, Ebert AW, Ming R (2008) Coffee germplasm resources, genomics, and breeding. Plant Breed Rev 30:415–447
Waller JM, Bridge PD, Black R, Hakiza H (1993) Characterization of the coffee berry disease pathogen, Colletotrichum kahawae sp. nov. Mycol Res 97:898–994. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0953-7562(09)80867-8
Wintgens JN (2009) The coffee plant. In: Wintgens JN (ed) Coffee: growing, processing, sustainable production: a guidebook for growers, processors, traders, and researchers, 2nd edn. Wiley, Weinheim, pp 3–24
World Bank (2020) Country income classifications. https://datahelpdesk.worldbank.org/knowledgebase/articles/906519-world-bank-country-and-lending-groups. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
World Coffee Research (WCR) (2019) Arabica coffee varieties: a global catalog of varieties covering: Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Jamaica, Kenya, Malawi, Nicaragua, Panama, Peru, Dominican Republic, Rwanda, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe. https://varieties.worldcoffeeresearch.org/content/3-releases/20191206-update-may-2019/arabica-coffee-varieties.pdf. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
World Coffee Research (WCR) (2020) History of Typica and Bourbon: coffee’s movement around the globe. https://varieties.worldcoffeeresearch.org/info/coffee/about-varieties/bourbon-and-typica. Accessed 15 Mar 2021
Zambolim L (2016) Current status and management of coffee leaf rust in Brazil. Trop Plant Pathol 41:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40858-016-0065-9
Zhang D, Vega FE, Solano W, Su F, Infante F, Meinhardt LW (2021) Selecting a core set of nuclear SNP markers for molecular characterization of Arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L) genetic resources. Conserv Genet Resour. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12686-021-01201-y (in press)
Zhou L, Vega FE, Tam H, Ramirez Lluch AE, Meinhardt LW, Fang W, Mischke S, Irish B, Zhang D (2016) Developing single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers for the identification of coffee germplasm. Tropical Plant Biol 9:82–95. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12042-016-9167-2
Acknowledgements
The authors acknowledge the following USDA Coffee and Cacao Crop Germplasm Committee members for their review and approval of the Coffee Crop Vulnerability Statement: Tomas Ayala-Silva, Peter Bretting, Eduardo Cortes, Dominique Dessauw, Ricardo Goenaga, Stephanie Greene, Mark Guiltinan, Osman A. Gutierrez, Gary Kinard, Lyndel Meinhardt, Tim Rinehart, Ray Schnell, Ed Seguine, Path Umaharan, and Gayle Volk. Special thanks to two anonymous reviewers for their constructive feedback.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
SK and FEV contributed substantially to writing, editing and finalizing the manuscript; all authors contributed sections to the manuscript and approved the final version of the text.
Corresponding authors
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare that they have no conflicts of interest.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Krishnan, S., Matsumoto, T., Nagai, C. et al. Vulnerability of coffee (Coffea spp.) genetic resources in the United States. Genet Resour Crop Evol 68, 2691–2710 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01217-1
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10722-021-01217-1