Abstract
Kīlauea Volcano’s 2018 lower East Rift Zone (LERZ) eruption produced exceptionally high lava effusion rates and record-setting SO2 emissions. The eruption involved a diverse range of magmas, including primitive basalts sourced from Kīlauea’s summit reservoirs. We analyzed LERZ matrix glasses, melt inclusions, and host minerals to identify melt volatile contents and magma storage depths. The LERZ glasses and melt inclusions span nearly the entire compositional range previously recognized at Kīlauea. Melt inclusions in Fo86-89 olivine from the main eruptive vent (fissure 8) underwent 70–170 °C cooling during transport in LERZ carrier melts, causing extensive post-entrapment crystallization and sulfide precipitation. Many of these melt inclusions have low sulfur (400–900 ppm) even after correction for sulfide formation. CO2 and H2O vapor saturation pressures indicate shallow melt inclusion trapping depths (1–5 km), consistent with formation within Kīlauea’s Halemaʻumaʻu and South Caldera reservoirs. Many of these inclusions also have degassed δ34S values (− 1.5 to − 0.5‰). Collectively, these results indicate that some primitive melts experienced near-surface degassing before being trapped into melt inclusions. We propose that decades-to-centuries of repeated lava lake activity and lava drain-back during eruptions (e.g., 1959 Kīlauea Iki) recycled substantial volumes of degassed magma into Kīlauea’s shallow reservoir system. Degassing and magma recycling from the 2008–2018 Halemaʻumaʻu lava lake likely reduced the volatile contents of LERZ fissure 8 magmas, resulting in lower fountain heights compared to many prior Kīlauea eruptions. The eruption’s extreme SO2 emissions were due to high lava effusion rates rather than particularly volatile-rich melts.
Similar content being viewed by others
Data availability
Data are presented in electronic supplemental tables.
Code availability
Not applicable.
References
Anderson AT (1974) Chlorine, sulfur, and water in magmas and oceans. Geol Soc Am Bull 85:1485–1492. https://doi.org/10.1130/0016-7606(1974)85%3C1485:CSAWIM%3E2.0.CO;2
Anderson AT, Brown GG (1993) CO2 contents and formation pressures of some Kilauean melt inclusions. Am Mineral 78:794–803
Anderson KR, Poland MP (2017) Abundant carbon in the mantle beneath Hawai‘i. Nat Geosci 10:704–708. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo3007
Anderson KR, Johanson IA, Patrick MR, Gu M, Segall P, Poland MP, Montgomery-Brown EK, Miklius A (2019) Magma reservoir failure and the onset of caldera collapse at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018. Science 366:6470. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz1822
Baker DR, Balcone-Boissard H (2009) Halogen diffusion in magmatic systems: our current state of knowledge. Chem Geol 263:82–88. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2008.10.010
Barth A, Newcombe M, Plank T, Gonnermann H, Hajimirza S, Soto GJ, Saballos A, Hauri E (2019) Magma decompression rate correlates with explosivity at basaltic volcanoes-constraints from water diffusion in olivine. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 387:106664. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2019.106664
Beattie P (1993) Olivine-melt and orthopyroxene-melt equilibria. Contrib Mineral Petrol 115:103–111. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00712982
Beaudry P, Longpré M-A, Economos R, Wing BA, Bui TH, Stix J (2018) Degassing-induced fractionation of multiple sulphur isotopes unveils post-Archaean recycled oceanic crust signal in hotspot lava. Nat Commun 9:1–12. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-018-07527-w
Behrens H, Stelling J (2011) Diffusion and redox reactions of sulfur in silicate melts. Rev Mineral Geochem 73:79–111. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2011.73.4
Beirle S, Hörmann C, Penning de Vries M, Dörner S, Kern C, Wagner T (2014) Estimating the volcanic emission rate and atmospheric lifetime of SO2 from space: a case study for Kīlauea volcano, Hawai‘i. Atmospheric Chem Phys 14:8309–8322. https://doi.org/10.5194/acp-14-8309-2014
Bucholz CE, Gaetani GA, Behn MD, Shimizu N (2013) Post-entrapment modification of volatiles and oxygen fugacity in olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Earth Planet Sci Lett 374:145–155. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2013.05.033
Cervelli PF, Miklius A (2003) The shallow magmatic system of Kilauea Volcano. US Geol Surv Prof Pap 1676:149–163
Clague DA, Moore JG, Dixon JE, Friesen WB (1995) Petrology of submarine lavas from Kilauea’s Puna Ridge, Hawaii. J Petrol 36:299–349. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/36.2.299
Clor LE, Kelly PJ, Nadeau P, Lerner AH, Elias T, Kern C, Werner CA, Diefenbach AK, Cappos M (2018) Gas composition monitoring with Multi-GAS during the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawai‘i. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts:V43J-0271
Danyushevsky LV, Plechov P (2011) Petrolog3: integrated software for modeling crystallization processes. Geochem Geophys Geosyst 12:Q07021. https://doi.org/10.1029/2011GC003516
Delaney PT, McTigue DF (1994) Volume of magma accumulation or withdrawal estimated from surface uplift or subsidence, with application to the 1960 collapse of Kilauea volcano. Bull Volcanol 56:417–424. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00302823
Desborough GA, Anderson AT, Wright TL (1968) Mineralogy of sulfides from certain Hawaiian basalts. Econ Geol 63:636–644. https://doi.org/10.2113/gsecongeo.63.6.636
Devine JD, Sigurdsson H, Davis AN, Self S (1984) Estimates of sulfur and chlorine yield to the atmosphere from volcanic eruptions and potential climatic effects. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 89:6309–6325. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB089iB07p06309
Dietterich HR, Diefenbach AK, Soule SA, Zoeller MH, Patrick MP, Major JJ, Lundgren PR (2021) Lava effusion rate evolution and erupted volume during the 2018 Kīlauea lower East Rift Zone eruption. Bull Volcanol 83:25. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01443-6
Dixon JE, Clague DA, Stolper EM (1991) Degassing history of water, sulfur, and carbon in submarine lavas from Kilauea Volcano. Hawaii J Geol 99:371–394. https://doi.org/10.1086/629501
Dixon JE, Stolper EM, Holloway JR (1995) An experimental study of water and carbon dioxide solubilities in mid-ocean ridge basaltic liquids. Part I: calibration and solubility models. J Petrol 36:1607–1631. https://doi.org/10.1093/oxfordjournals.petrology.a037267
Edmonds M, Sides IR, Swanson DA, Werner C, Martin RS, Mather TA, Herd RA, Jones RL, Mead MI, Sawyer G (2013) Magma storage, transport and degassing during the 2008–10 summit eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 123:284–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2013.05.038
Edmonds M, Mather T, Liu E (2018) A distinct metal fingerprint in arc volcanic emissions. Nat Geosci 11:790–794. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41561-018-0214-5
Elias T, Sutton AJ (2007) Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, an update: 2002–2006. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report. https://doi.org/10.3133/ofr20071114
Elias T, Sutton AJ (2012) Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, 2007–2010. U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report. http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2012/1107/
Elias T, Kern C, Horton KA, Sutton AJ, Garbeil H (2018a) Measuring SO2 emission rates at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, using an array of upward-looking UV spectrometers, 2014–2017. Front Earth Sci 6:214. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2018.00214
Elias T, Kern C, Horton K, Garbeil H, Sutton AJ (2018b) SO2 emission rates from Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii (2014–2017). U.S. Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/F7794402
Elias T, Kern C, Sutton AJ, Horton K (2020) Sulfur dioxide emission rates from Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaii, 2008–2013. U.S. Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9K0EZII
Ellis W (1825) Narrative of a tour through Hawaii, or, Owhyhee. H. Fisher, Son, and P. Jackson, London. [Simultaneously published in Boston by Crocker & Brewster. Reprinted in 1826 and 1827 in London by Fisher and Jackson; reprinted 1917 by the Hawaiian Gazette Co., Ltd., Honolulu; reprinted 2004 by Mutual Publishing, Honolulu; 1827 London ed. reprinted in 1963 as Journal of William Ellis by the Advertiser Publishing Co., Ltd., Honolulu]
Epp D, Decker RW, Okamura AT (1983) Relation of summit deformation to east rift zone eruptions on Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Geophys Res Lett 10:493–496. https://doi.org/10.1029/GL010i007p00493
Fiege A, Holtz F, Behrens H, Mandeville CW, Shimizu N, Crede LS, Goettlicher J (2015) Experimental investigation of the S and S-isotope distribution between H2O–S ± Cl fluids and basaltic melts during decompression. Chem Geol 393:36–54. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemgeo.2014.11.012
Flinders AF, Caudron C, Johanson IA, Taira T, Shiro B, Haney M (2020) Seismic velocity variations associated with the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi. Bull Volcanol 82:1–13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01380-w
Fortin M-A, Riddle J, Desjardins-Langlais Y, Baker DR (2015) The effect of water on the sulfur concentration at sulfide saturation (SCSS) in natural melts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 160:100–116. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2015.03.022
Gaetani GA, O’Leary JA, Shimizu N, Bucholz CE, Newville M (2012) Rapid reequilibration of H2O and oxygen fugacity in olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Geology 40:915–918. https://doi.org/10.1130/G32992.1
Gansecki C, Lee RL, Shea T, Lundblad SP, Hon K, Parcheta C (2019) The tangled tale of Kīlauea’s 2018 eruption as told by geochemical monitoring. Science 366:eaaz0147. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aaz0147
Garcia MO, Pietruszka AJ, Rhodes JM (2003) A petrologic perspective of the summit magma chamber of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. J Petrol 44:2313–2339. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egg079
Gerlach TM (1986) Exsolution of H2O, CO2, and S during eruptive episodes at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 91:12177–12185. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB091iB12p12177
Gerlach TM, Graeber EJ (1985) Volatile budget of Kilauea Volcano. Nature 313:273–277. https://doi.org/10.1038/313273a0
Gerlach TM, Thomas DM (1986) Carbon and sulphur isotopic composition of Kilauea parental magma. Nature 319:480–483. https://doi.org/10.1038/319480a0
Gerlach TM, McGee KA, Elias T, Sutton AJ, Doukas MP (2002) Carbon dioxide emission rate of Kīlauea Volcano: implications for primary magma and the summit reservoir. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 107:ECV-3. https://doi.org/10.1029/2001JB000407
Greaney AT, Rudnick RL, Helz RT, Gaschnig RM, Piccoli PM, Ash RD (2017) The behavior of chalcophile elements during magmatic differentiation as observed in Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 210:71–96. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2017.04.033
Greenland LP, Rose WI, Stokes JB (1985) An estimate of gas emissions and magmatic gas content from Kilauea volcano. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 49:125–129. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(85)90196-6
Harris AJ, Dehn J, Calvari S (2007) Lava effusion rate definition and measurement: a review. Bull Volcanol 70:1–22. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-007-0120-y
Hartley ME, Shorttle O, Maclennan J, Moussallam Y, Edmonds M (2017) Olivine-hosted melt inclusions as an archive of redox heterogeneity in magmatic systems. Earth Planet Sci Lett 479:192–205. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2017.09.029
Hauri E (2002) SIMS analysis of volatiles in silicate glasses, 2: isotopes and abundances in Hawaiian melt inclusions. Chem Geol 183:115–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0009-2541(01)00374-6
Head JW, Wilson L (1987) Lava fountain heights at Pu’u ’O’o, Kilauea, Hawaii: indicators of amount and variations of exsolved magma volatiles. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 92:13715–13719. https://doi.org/10.1029/JB092iB13p13715
Helz RT, Thornber CR (1987) Geothermometry of Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii. Bull Volcanol 49:651–668. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01080357
Helz RT, Wright TL (1992) Differentiation and magma mixing on Kilauea’s east rift zone. Bull Volcanol 54:361–384. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00312319
Helz RT, Clague DA, Mastin LG, Rose TR (2015) Evidence for large compositional ranges in coeval melts erupted from Kīlauea’s summit reservoir. In: Hawaiian volcanoes. American Geophysical Union (AGU), pp 125–145. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.ch7
Helz RT, Cottrell E, Brounce MN, Kelley KA (2017) Olivine-melt relationships and syneruptive redox variations in the 1959 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano as revealed by XANES. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 333:1–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2016.12.006
Holcomb RT (1987) Eruptive history and long-term behavior of Kilauea Volcano. In: Decker RW, Wright TL, Stauffer PH (eds) Volcanism in Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, pp 261–350. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1987/1350/pdf/chapters/pp1350_ch12.pdf. Accessed 05/04/2020
Hsieh PA, Ingebritsen SE (2019) Groundwater inflow toward a preheated volcanic conduit: application to the 2018 eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i. J Geophys Res Solid Earth 124:1498–1506. https://doi.org/10.1029/2018JB017133
Iacono-Marziano G, Morizet Y, Le Trong E, Gaillard F (2012) New experimental data and semi-empirical parameterization of H2O–CO2 solubility in mafic melts. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 97:1–23. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2012.08.035
Ingebritsen SE, Flinders AF, Kauahikaua JP, Hsieh PA (2021) Modeling groundwater inflow to the new crater lake at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i. Groundwater 59:7–15. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwat.13023
Jugo PJ, Wilke M, Botcharnikov RE (2010) Sulfur K-edge XANES analysis of natural and synthetic basaltic glasses: implications for S speciation and S content as function of oxygen fugacity. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 74:5926–5938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2010.07.022
Kelly P, Nadeau P, Elias T, Clor L, Diefenbach A, Younger E, Kamibayashi K, Lerner A, Kern C, Werner C (2021) Monitoring gas compositions during recent eruptions of Kīlauea Volcano with unoccupied aircraft systems. 1st IAVCEI-CCVG Virtual Workshop Abstracts
Kern C, Lerner AH, Elias T, Nadeau PA, Holland L, Kelly PJ, Werner CA, Clor LE, Cappos M (2020) Quantifying gas emissions associated with the 2018 rift eruption of Kīlauea Volcano using ground-based DOAS measurements. Bull Volcanol 82:55. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01390-8
Labidi J, Cartigny P (2016) Negligible sulfur isotope fractionation during partial melting: evidence from Garrett transform fault basalts, implications for the late-veneer and the hadean matte. Earth Planet Sci Lett 451:196–207. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.07.012
Lee RL, Gansecki C, Lundblad S, Mills P, Adams DT, Conrey R, Wagoner L (2019) Whole-rock and glass chemistry of lava samples collected during the 2018 Lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kilauea. U.S. Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9LVY7GV
Lerner AH (2020) The depths and locations of magma reservoirs and their consequences for the behavior of sulfur and volcanic degassing. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Oregon. ProQuest Dissertations Publishing 28022240. https://search.proquest.com/openview/cec1ff16af338dce2495b5a1a491aa88/1?pq-origsite=gscholar&cbl=44156. Accessed 01/29/2021
Lesher CE, Spera FJ (2015) Thermodynamic and transport properties of silicate melts and magma. In: Sigurdsson H (ed) The encyclopedia of volcanoes, 2nd edn. Academic Press, Amsterdam, pp 113–141. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-385938-9.00005-5
Longpré M-A, Stix J, Klügel A, Shimizu N (2017) Mantle to surface degassing of carbon- and sulphur-rich alkaline magma at El Hierro, Canary Islands. Earth Planet Sci Lett 460:268–280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.11.043
Lynn KJ, Garcia MO, Shea T, Costa F, Swanson DA (2017) Timescales of mixing and storage for Keanakāko‘i Tephra magmas (1500–1820 C.E.), Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. Contrib Mineral Petrol 172:76. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-017-1395-4
Marini L, Moretti R, Accornero M (2011) Sulfur isotopes in magmatic-hydrothermal systems, melts, and magmas. Rev Mineral Geochem 73:423–492. https://doi.org/10.2138/rmg.2011.73.14
Miyoshi T, Sakai H, Chiba H (1984) Experimental study of sulfur isotope fractionation factors between sulfate and sulfide in high temperature melts. Geochem J 18:75–84. https://doi.org/10.2343/geochemj.18.75
Montgomery-Brown EK, Johanson IA, Poland MP, Lundgren P (2020) The lower East Rift Zone intrusion at Kīlauea Volcano, 2018 from GPS, InSAR and tilt. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts:V002–0014
Moore RB, Helz RT, Dzurisin D, Eaton GP, Koyanagi RY, Lipman PW, Lockwood JP, Puniwai GS (1980) The 1977 eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 7:189–210. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(80)90029-3
Moore LR, Gazel E, Tuohy R, Lloyd AS, Esposito R, Steele-MacInnis M, Hauri EH, Wallace PJ, Plank T, Bodnar RJ (2015) Bubbles matter: an assessment of the contribution of vapor bubbles to melt inclusion volatile budgets. Am Mineral 100:806–823. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2015-5036
Mourey A, Shea T, Costa F, Shiro B, Lee RL, Gansecki CA, Oalmann J (2019) Diffusion timescales in olivine from the 2018 eruption at Kilauea Volcano reveal syn-eruptive (months) and long term (years) magma mixing processes. AGU Fall Meeting Abstracts: V43C–0208
Moussallam Y, Edmonds M, Scaillet B, Peters N, Gennaro E, Sides I, Oppenheimer C (2016) The impact of degassing on the oxidation state of basaltic magmas: a case study of Kīlauea volcano. Earth Planet Sci Lett 450:317–325. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.06.031
Nadeau PA, Diefenbach AK, Hurwitz S, Swanson DA (2020) From lava to water: a new era at Kīlauea. Eos 101. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020EO149557
Neal CA, Brantley SR, Antolik L, Babb JL, Burgess M, Calles K, Cappos M, Chang JC, Conway S, Desmither L, Dotray P, Elias T, Fukunaga P, Fuke S, Johanson IA, Kamibayashi K, Kauahikaua J, Lee RL, Pekalib S, Miklius A, Million W, Moniz CJ, Nadeau PA, Okubo P, Parcheta C, Patrick MR, Shiro B, Swanson DA, Tollett W, Trusdell F, Younger EF, Zoeller MH, Montgomery-Brown EK, Anderson KR, Poland MP, Ball JL, Bard J, Coombs M, Dietterich HR, Kern C, Thelen WA, Cervelli PF, Orr T, Houghton BF, Gansecki C, Hazlett R, Lundgren P, Diefenbach AK, Lerner AH, Waite G, Kelly P, Clor L, Werner C, Mulliken K, Fisher G, Damby D (2019) The 2018 rift eruption and summit collapse of Kīlauea Volcano. Science 363:367–374. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aav7046
Orr TR, Poland MP, Patrick MR, Thelen WA, Sutton AJ, Elias T, Thornber CR, Parcheta C, Wooten KM (2015) Kīlauea’s 5–9 March 2011 Kamoamoa fissure eruption and its relation to 30+ years of activity from Pu’u ’Ō’ō: chapter 18. Geophys Monogr 208:393–420. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.ch18
Patrick MR, Anderson KR, Poland MP, Orr TR, Swanson DA (2015) Lava lake level as a gauge of magma reservoir pressure and eruptive hazard. Geology 43:831–834. https://doi.org/10.1130/G36896.1
Patrick MR, Swanson D, Orr T (2019a) A review of controls on lava lake level: insights from Halema ‘uma ‘u Crater. Kīlauea Volcano Bull Volcanol 81:13. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-019-1268-y
Patrick MR, Orr T, Anderson K, Swanson D (2019b) Eruptions in sync: improved constraints on Kīlauea Volcano’s hydraulic connection. Earth Planet Sci Lett 507:50–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2018.11.030
Patrick MR, Dietterich HR, Lyons JJ, Diefenbach AK, Parcheta C, Anderson KR, Namiki A, Sumita I, Shiro B, Kauahikaua JP (2019c) Cyclic lava effusion during the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea Volcano. Science 366:eaay9070. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aay9070
Patrick MR, Johanson I, Shea T, Waite G (2020a) The historic events at Kīlauea Volcano in 2018: summit collapse, rift zone eruption, and Mw 6.9 earthquake: preface to the special issue. Bull Volcanol 82:46. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01377-5
Patrick MR, Houghton BF, Anderson KR, Poland MP, Montgomery-Brown E, Johanson I, Thelen W, Elias T (2020b) The cascading origin of the 2018 Kīlauea eruption and implications for future forecasting. Nat Commun 11:5646. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-020-19190-1
Patrick MR, Orr TR, Swanson Don, Houghton BF, Wooten KM, Desmither L, Parcheta C, Fee D (2021) Kīlauea’s 2008–2018 summit lava lake—chronology and eruption insights. In: Patrick MR, Orr T, Swanson D, Houghton BF (eds) The 2008–2018 Summit Lava Lake at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1867, p 50. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1867A
Pietruszka AJ, Heaton DE, Marske JP, Garcia MO (2015) Two magma bodies beneath the summit of Kīlauea Volcano unveiled by isotopically distinct melt deliveries from the mantle. Earth Planet Sci Lett 413:90–100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.12.040
Pietruszka AJ, Marske JP, Heaton DE, Garcia MO, Rhodes JM (2018) An isotopic perspective into the magmatic evolution and architecture of the rift zones of Kīlauea Volcano. J Petrol 59:2311–2352. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egy098
Poland MP, Miklius A, Montgomery-Brown EK (2014) Magma supply, storage, and transport at shield-stage Hawaiian volcanoes. In: Poland MP, Takahashi TJ, Landowski CM (eds) Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1801, pp 179–234. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp18015
Poland MP, de Zeeuw-van DE, Bagnardi M, Johanson IA (2019) Post-collapse gravity increase at the summit of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi. Geophys Res Lett 46:14430–14439. https://doi.org/10.1029/2019GL084901
Portnyagin M, Almeev R, Matveev S, Holtz F (2008) Experimental evidence for rapid water exchange between melt inclusions in olivine and host magma. Earth Planet Sci Lett 272:541–552. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2008.05.020
Richet P, Bottinga Y, Javoy M (1977) A review of hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulphur, and chlorine stable isotope fractionation among gaseous molecules. Annu Rev Earth Planet Sci 5:65–110. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.ea.05.050177.000433
Richter DH, Eaton JP, Murata KJ, Ault WU, Krivoy HL (1970) Chronological narrative of the 1959–60 eruption of Kilauea volcano, Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 537–D. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp537E
Riker J (2005) The 1859 eruption of Mauna Loa Volcano, Hawai’i: controls on the development of long lava channels. MSc Thesis, University of Oregon
Rose WI (1977) Scavenging of volcanic aerosol by ash: atmospheric and volcanologic implications. Geology 5:621–624. https://doi.org/10.1130/0091-7613(1977)5%3c621:SOVABA%3e2.0.CO;2
Rowe MC, Thornber CR, Orr TR (2015) Primitive components, crustal assimilation, and magmatic degassing during the early 2008 Kı̄lauea summit eruptive activity. In: Carey R, Cayol V, Poland MP (eds) Hawaiian volcanoes: from source to surface. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, pp 439–455. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.ch20
Ryan MP (1987) Elasticity and contractancy of Hawaiian olivine tholeiite and its role in the stability and structural evolution of subcaldera magma reservoirs and rift systems. In: Decker RW, Wright TL, Stauffer PH (eds) Volcanism in Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, pp 1395–1447. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1987/1350/pdf/chapters/pp1350_ch52.pdf. Accessed 05/04/2020
Sakai H, Casadevall TJ, Moore JG (1982) Chemistry and isotope ratios of sulfur in basalts and volcanic gases at Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 46:729–738. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(82)90024-2
Sharma K, Blake S, Self S, Krueger AJ (2004) SO2 emissions from basaltic eruptions, and the excess sulfur issue. Geophys Res Lett 31:L13612. https://doi.org/10.1029/2004GL019688
Shiro BR, Zoeller MH, Kamibayashi K, Johanson IA, Parcheta C, Patrick MR, Nadeau P, Lee L, Miklius A (2021) Monitoring network changes during the 2018 Kīlauea Volcano eruption. Seismol Res Lett 92:102–118. https://doi.org/10.1785/0220200284
Sides IR, Edmonds M, Maclennan J, Swanson DA, Houghton BF (2014a) Eruption style at Kīlauea Volcano in Hawai‘i linked to primary melt composition. Nat Geosci 7:464–469. https://doi.org/10.1038/ngeo2140
Sides I, Edmonds M, Maclennan J, Houghton BF, Swanson DA, Steele-MacInnis MJ (2014b) Magma mixing and high fountaining during the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption, Hawai‘i. Earth Planet Sci Lett 400:102–112. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2014.05.024
Smythe DJ, Wood BJ, Kiseeva ES (2017) The S content of silicate melts at sulfide saturation: new experiments and a model incorporating the effects of sulfide composition. Am Mineral 102:795–803. https://doi.org/10.2138/am-2017-5800CCBY
Soule SA, Zoeller M, Parcheta C (2021) Submarine lava deltas of the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea volcano. Bull Volcanol 83:23. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-020-01424-1
Sparks RSJ (1978) The dynamics of bubble formation and growth in magmas: a review and analysis. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 3:1–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-0273(78)90002-1
Stone WE, Fleet ME (1991) Nickel-copper sulfides from the 1959 eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: contrasting compositions and phase relations in eruption pumice and Kilauea Iki lava lake. Am Mineral 76:1363–1372. https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/msa/ammin/article-abstract/76/7-8/1363/42586/. Accessed 05/04/2020
Sutton AJ, Elias T (2014) One hundred volatile years of volcanic gas studies at the Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. In: Poland MP, Takahashi TJ, Landowski CM (eds) Characteristics of Hawaiian volcanoes. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1801, pp 179–234. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1801/downloads/pp1801_Chap7_Sutton.pdf. Accessed 01/17/2021
Sutton AJ, Elias T, Kauahikaua J (2003) Lava-effusion rates for the Pu’u ’Ō’ō–Kūpaianaha eruption derived from SO2 emissions and very low frequency (VLF) measurements. In: Heliker C, Swanson DA, Takahashi TJ (eds) Pu’u ’Ō’ō–Kūpaianaha eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawai’i: the first 20 years. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1676, pp 137–148. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp18017
Swanson DA, Duffield WA, Jackson DB, Peterson DW (1979) Chronological narrative of the 1969-71 Mauna Ulu eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1056. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1056
Swanson DA, Rose TR, Mucek AE, Garcia MO, Fiske RS, Mastin LG (2014) Cycles of explosive and effusive eruptions at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. Geology 42:631–634. https://doi.org/10.1130/G35701.1
Symonds RB, Gerlach TM, Reed MH (2001) Magmatic gas scrubbing: implications for volcano monitoring. J Volcanol Geotherm Res 108:303–341. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0377-0273(00)00292-4
Tang Y, Tong DQ, Yang K, Lee P, Baker B, Crawford A, Luke W, Stein A, Campbell PC, Ring A, Flynn J, Wang Y, McQueen J, Pan L, Huang J, Stajner I (2020) Air quality impacts of the 2018 Mt. Kilauea Volcano eruption in Hawaii: a regional chemical transport model study with satellite-constrained emissions. Atmos Environ 237:117648. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2020.117648
Thomson A, Maclennan J (2013) The distribution of olivine compositions in Icelandic basalts and picrites. J Petrol 54:745–768. https://doi.org/10.1093/petrology/egs083
Thordarson T, Self S, Oskarsson N, Hulsebosch T (1996) Sulfur, chlorine, and fluorine degassing and atmospheric loading by the 1783–1784 AD Laki (Skaftár Fires) eruption in Iceland. Bull Volcanol 58:205–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050136
Thornber CR, Orr TR, Heliker C, Hoblitt RP (2015) Petrologic testament to changes in shallow magma storage and transport during 30+ years of recharge and eruption at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. In: Carey R, Cayol V, Poland MP (eds) Hawaiian volcanoes: from source to surface. AGU Geophysical Monograph Series, pp 147–188. https://doi.org/10.1002/9781118872079.ch8
Tucker JM, Hauri EH, Pietruszka AJ, Garcia MO, Marske JP, Trusdell FA (2019) A high carbon content of the Hawaiian mantle from olivine-hosted melt inclusions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 254:156–172. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2019.04.001
Tuohy RM, Wallace PJ, Loewen MW, Swanson DA, Kent AJ (2016) Magma transport and olivine crystallization depths in Kīlauea’s east rift zone inferred from experimentally rehomogenized melt inclusions. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 185:232–250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2016.04.020
USGS-HVO (2020a) Photo and Video Chronology – Kīlauea – December 20, 2020. U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/photo-and-video-chronology-k-lauea-december-20-2020. Accessed 02/23/2021
USGS-HVO (2020b) Photo and Video Chronology – Kīlauea – December 26, 2020. U.S. Geological Survey Hawaiian Volcano Observatory. https://www.usgs.gov/center-news/photo-and-video-chronology-k-lauea-december-26-2020. Accessed 02/23/2021
Vinet N, Higgins MD (2011) What can crystal size distributions and olivine compositions tell us about magma solidification processes inside Kilauea Iki lava lake, Hawaii? J Volcanol Geotherm Res 208:136–162. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvolgeores.2011.09.006
Wallace PJ (2018) Depths of crystallization and magma storage beneath Kilauea and Mauna Loa based on CO2 in melt inclusions. Goldschmidt Abstracts, Boston, MA
Wallace PJ, Carmichael ISE (1992) Sulfur in basaltic magmas. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 56:1863–1874. https://doi.org/10.1016/0016-7037(92)90316-B
Wallace PJ, Anderson AT (1998) Effects of eruption and lava drainback on the H2O contents of basaltic magmas at Kilauea Volcano. Bull Volcanol 59:327–344. https://doi.org/10.1007/s004450050195
Whitty R, Ilyinskaya E, Mason E, Wieser P, Liu E, Schmidt A, Roberts T, Pfeffer M, Brooks B, Mather T (2020) Spatial and temporal variations in SO2 and PM2.5 levels from 2007-2018 Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i. Front Earth Sci. https://doi.org/10.3389/feart.2020.00036
Wieser PE, Edmonds M, Maclennan J, Jenner FE, Kunz BE (2019) Crystal scavenging from mush piles recorded by melt inclusions. Nat Commun 10:1–11. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-019-13518-2
Wieser PE, Jenner FE, Edmonds M, Maclennan J, Kunz BE (2020) Chalcophile elements track the fate of sulfur at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai’i. Geochim Cosmochim Acta 282:245–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gca.2020.05.018
Wieser PE, Lamadrid H, Maclennan J, Edmonds M, Matthews S, Iacovino K, Jenner FE, Gansecki C, Trusdell F, Lee RL, Ilyinskaya E (2021) Reconstructing magma storage depths for the 2018 Kı̄lauean eruption from melt inclusion CO2 contents: the importance of vapor bubbles. Geochem Geophys Geosystems 22:e2020GC009364. https://doi.org/10.1029/2020GC009364
Wilson L, Parfitt EA, Head JW (1995) Explosive volcanic eruptions—VIII. The role of magma recycling in controlling the behaviour of Hawaiian-style lava fountains. Geophys J Int 121:215–225. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-246X.1995.tb03522.x
Wolfe EW, Garcia MO, Jackson DB, Koyanagi RY, Neal CA, Okamura, AT (1987) The Puu Oo eruption of Kilauea Volcano, Hawaii: episodes 1 through 20, January 3, 1983, through June 8, 1984. In: Decker RW, Wright TL, Stauffer PH (eds) Volcanism in Hawaii. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1350, pp 471–508. https://pubs.usgs.gov/pp/1987/1350/pdf/chapters/pp1350_ch17.pdf. Accessed 05/04/2020
Wright TL, Klein FW (eds) (2014) Two hundred years of magma transport and storage at Kīlauea Volcano, Hawai‘i, 1790-2008. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 1806. https://doi.org/10.3133/pp1806
Zoeller MH, Perroy RL, Wessels RL, Fisher GB, Robinson JE, Bard JA, Peters J, Mosbrucker AR, Parcheta CE (2020) Geospatial database of the 2018 lower East Rift Zone eruption of Kīlauea Volcano, Hawaiʻi. U.S. Geological Survey data release. https://doi.org/10.5066/P9S7UQKQ
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank Matthew Loewen, Nicole Métrich, and Matt Patrick for constructive input that significantly improved this manuscript. The authors also thank the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Volcano Science Center, Hawaiian Volcano Observatory (HVO), University of Hawaiʻi-Hilo, partner agencies, and the residents of Hawaiʻi for support, field access, data sharing, and for their great care in documenting and responding to the 2018 LERZ eruption crisis. AHL thanks Tina Neal and the HVO volunteer program for support, Mike Zoeller for map assistance, and Carolyn Parcheta for collecting and sharing samples. Geochemical analyses were conducted with the help of John Donovan and Julie Chouinard (EPMA), and Brian Monteleone and Glenn Gaetani (SIMS and MI rehomogenization). AHL thanks Michelle Muth and Madison Myers for discussions on methodology and melt inclusion interpretation. AHL acknowledges funding support from Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Oregon, the Mineralogical Society of America, the Geological Society of America, the Mazamas student research grant program, the National Science Foundation (NSF) Graduate Research Fellowship Program, and the NSF Graduate Research Internship Program (GRIP). Coordination of GRIP at the USGS is through the Youth and Education in Science programs within the Office of Science Quality and Integrity.
Funding
This study received support from the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program under grant DGE-1309047 and from an internship provided through the Graduate Research Internship Program (GRIP). Part of the melt inclusion analyses was supported by NSF grant EAR-1725321.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
AHL and PJW led the study conception and design. Petrologic sample preparation, data collection, and analysis were performed by AHL, TS, AJM, LRM, CG, and RLL, and were interpreted by AHL, PJW, TS, AJM, CG, and RLL. Gas emission measurements were performed and interpreted by PAN, TE, CK, AHL, PJK, LEC, and CAW.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no competing interests.
Disclaimer
Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government. Any findings and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
Additional information
Editorial responsibility: M.R. Patrick
This paper constitutes part of a topical collection: The historic events at Kilauea Volcano in 2018: summit collapse, rift zone eruption, and Mw6.9 earthquake
Supplementary Information
Below is the link to the electronic supplementary material.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Lerner, A.H., Wallace, P.J., Shea, T. et al. The petrologic and degassing behavior of sulfur and other magmatic volatiles from the 2018 eruption of Kīlauea, Hawaiʻi: melt concentrations, magma storage depths, and magma recycling. Bull Volcanol 83, 43 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01459-y
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00445-021-01459-y