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The evolution of stream dissolved organic matter composition following glacier retreat in coastal watersheds of southeast Alaska

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Abstract

Climate change is melting glaciers and altering watershed biogeochemistry across the globe, particularly in regions dominated by mountain glaciers, such as southeast Alaska. Glacier dominated watersheds exhibit distinct dissolved organic matter (DOM) characteristics compared to forested and vegetated watersheds. However, there is a paucity of information on how stream DOM composition changes as glaciers retreat and terrestrial ecosystem succession ensues. Importantly, it is unclear over what timescales these transformations occur. Here, we used bulk, isotopic and ultrahigh resolution molecular-level techniques to assess how streamwater DOM composition evolves in response to glacier retreat and subsequent terrestrial ecosystem succession. For this, water samples were collected from eleven streams across a chronosequence spanning a temporal gradient 0 to ~ 1400 years since glacier retreat in coastal, southeast Alaska. During the first ~ 200 years since glacier retreat, stream DOM showed marked and consistent changes in bulk, isotopic, and molecular-level composition. In particular, there was a decreased relative abundance (RA) of ancient, energy-rich (e.g., elevated aliphatic contribution), low aromaticity (e.g., low SUVA254 and AImod) DOM and an increased RA of soil and vegetation derived aromatic DOM (e.g., more depleted δ13C, elevated condensed aromatic and polyphenolic contribution) that had a modern radiocarbon age. After ~ 200 years of ecosystem development, DOM composition was comparable to that observed for other temperate and arctic forested watersheds without permafrost influence. These results underscore the timelines on which glacier retreat may have substantial impacts on watershed biogeochemistry and coastal ecosystems that receive DOM from these rapidly changing landscapes.

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Funding

This study was supported by NSF DEB (Grant Nos. 1145932/1146161/1145885/1145313) to RGMS, AS, EH and PR, the DOI Alaska Climate Science Center, and a Fellowship from the Hanse Institute for Advanced Studies (HWK, Delmenhorst, Germany) granted to AS. Funding was also provided by Alaska EPSCoR (OIA‐1753748). The authors would like to thank M. Fuentes for her editorial insight in the production of this manuscript. Our thanks also go to the boat captain, Z. Stenson for his assistance during fieldwork.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory Geochemistry Group and Department of Earth, Ocean, and Atmospheric Science, Florida State University, Tallahassee, FL, 32306, USA

    Amy D. Holt, Anne M. Kellerman & Robert G. M. Spencer

  2. Alaska Coastal Rainforest Center and Environmental Science Program, University of Alaska Southeast, Juneau, AK, 99801, USA

    Jason Fellman & Eran Hood

  3. Yale School of the Environment, Yale University, New Haven, CT, 06511, USA

    Peter Raymond

  4. Departments of Marine and Environmental Science, Civil and Environmental Engineering, and Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, 02115, USA

    Aron Stubbins

  5. Institute for Chemistry and Biology of the Marine Environment (ICBM), University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany

    Thorsten Dittmar

  6. Helmholtz Institute for Functional Marine Biodiversity (HIFMB) at the University of Oldenburg, Oldenburg, Germany

    Thorsten Dittmar

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  1. Amy D. Holt
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Holt, A.D., Fellman, J., Hood, E. et al. The evolution of stream dissolved organic matter composition following glacier retreat in coastal watersheds of southeast Alaska. Biogeochemistry 164, 99–116 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10533-021-00815-6

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