Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is considered as the main hallmark of Preeclampsia (PE). Despite the unknown pathogenesis of PE, different possible causes have been suggested in various studies. In this review, we first studied the Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) role in the related pathways to the PE pathogenesis, such as inflammation, endothelial dysfunction and hypertension. LIF can increase the expression of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 via the JAK/STAT3 pathway, thereby inducing inflammatory responses and endothelial dysfunction. It can also be involved in the vascular vasoconstriction and hypertension by reducing the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis. Identifying the link between LIF and pathways associated with PE pathogenesis could be effective to achieve an effective PE treatment in the future.
Similar content being viewed by others
Abbreviations
- LIF:
-
Leukemia inhibitory factor
- LIFR:
-
LIF receptor
- gp130:
-
Glycoprotein 130
- JAK/STAT:
-
Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription
- SOCS3:
-
Suppressor Of Cytokine Signaling 3
- RhoA:
-
Ras homolog gene family member A
- eNOS:
-
Endothelial nitric oxide synthase phosphorylation
- NO:
-
Nitric oxide
- MMP:
-
Matrix metallopeptidase
- ICAM-1:
-
Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1
- VCAM-1:
-
Vascular cell adhesion protein-1
- ID1:
-
Inhibitor of DNA binding 1
- VEGF:
-
Vascular endothelial growth factor
- NF-κB:
-
Nuclear factor-κB
- Myl9:
-
Myosin regulatory light chain 9
- PE:
-
Preeclampsia
References
Gathiram P, Moodley J (2016) Pre-eclampsia: its pathogenesis and pathophysiolgy. Cardiovasc J Afr 27(2):71
MacKay AP, Berg CJ, Atrash HK (2001) Pregnancy-related mortality from preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 97(4):533–538
Phipps EA, Thadhani R, Benzing T, Karumanchi SA (2019) Pre-eclampsia: pathogenesis, novel diagnostics and therapies. Nat Rev Nephrol 15(5):275–289
Abalos E, Cuesta C, Grosso AL, Chou D, Say L (2013) Global and regional estimates of preeclampsia and eclampsia: a systematic review. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 170(1):1–7
Duckitt K, Harrington D (2005) Risk factors for pre-eclampsia at antenatal booking: systematic review of controlled studies. BMJ 330(7491):565
Akbari S, Shahsavar F, Khodadadi B, Ahmadi SAY, Abbaszadeh S, Alavi SER (2019) Association of FOXP3 gene polymorphisms with risk of preeclampsia in Lur population of Iran. Immunopathol Persa 6(1):e03-e
Sircar M, Thadhani R, Karumanchi SA (2015) Pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 24(2):131–138
Shahbazian N, Shahbazian H, Mohammadjafari R, Mousavi M (2013) Ambulatory monitoring of blood pressure and pregnancy outcome in pregnant women with white coat hypertension in the third trimester of pregnancy. J Nephropharmacol 2(1):5
Nicola NA, Babon JJ (2015) Leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF). Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 26(5):533–544
Rajaei E, Shahbazian N, Rezaeeyan H, Mohammadi AK, Hesam S, Zayeri ZD (2019) The effect of lupus disease on the pregnant women and embryos: a retrospective study from 2010 to 2014. Clin Rheumatol 38(11):3211–3215
Yue X, Wu L, Hu W (2015) The regulation of leukemia inhibitory factor. Cancer Cell Microenviron 2(3):e877
Kondera-Anasz Z, Sikora J, Mielczarek‐Palacz A (2004) Leukemia inhibitory factor: an important regulator of endometrial function. Am J Reprod Immunol 52(2):97–105
Hilton DJ, Nicola NA (1992) Kinetic analyses of the binding of leukemia inhibitory factor to receptor on cells and membranes and in detergent solution. J Biol Chem 267(15):10238–10247
Liu S-C, Tsang N-M, Chiang W-C, Chang K-P, Hsueh C, Liang Y et al (2013) Leukemia inhibitory factor promotes nasopharyngeal carcinoma progression and radioresistance. J Clin Investig 123(12):5269–5283
Sims NA, Johnson RW (2012) Leukemia inhibitory factor: a paracrine mediator of bone metabolism. Growth Factors 30(2):76–87
Davis SM, Pennypacker KR (2018) The role of the leukemia inhibitory factor receptor in neuroprotective signaling. Pharmacol Ther 183:50–57
Stewart L (1994) Leukaemia inhibitory factor and the regulation of pre-implantation development of the mammalian embryo. Mol Reprod Dev 39(2):233–238
Wu M, Yin Y, Zhao M, Hu L, Chen Q (2013) The low expression of leukemia inhibitory factor in endometrium: possible relevant to unexplained infertility with multiple implantation failures. Cytokine 62(2):334–339
Zheng Q, Dai K, Cui X, Yu M, Yang X, Yan B et al (2016) Leukemia inhibitory factor promote trophoblast invasion via urokinase-type plasminogen activator receptor in preeclampsia. Biomed Pharmacother 80:102–108
Salleh N, Giribabu N (2014) Leukemia inhibitory factor: roles in embryo implantation and in nonhormonal contraception. Sci World J 2014:201514
Krüger-Genge A, Blocki A, Franke R-P, Jung F (2019) Vascular endothelial cell biology: an update. Int J Mol Sci 20(18):4411
Shahreza FD (2016) From oxidative stress to endothelial cell dysfunction. J Prev Epidemiol 1(1):e04-e
Rajendran P, Rengarajan T, Thangavel J, Nishigaki Y, Sakthisekaran D, Sethi G et al (2013) The vascular endothelium and human diseases. Int J Biol Sci 9(10):1057
Jamwal S, Sharma S (2018) Vascular endothelium dysfunction: a conservative target in metabolic disorders. Inflamm Res 67(5):391–405
Germain AM, Romanik MC, Guerra I, Solari S, Reyes MaS, Johnson RJ et al (2007) Endothelial dysfunction: a link among preeclampsia, recurrent pregnancy loss, and future cardiovascular events? Hypertension 49(1):90–95
Sandoo A, van Zanten JJV, Metsios GS, Carroll D, Kitas GD (2010) The endothelium and its role in regulating vascular tone. Open Cardiovasc Med J 4:302
Fitridge R, Thompson M (2011) Mechanisms of vascular disease: a reference book for vascular specialists. University of Adelaide Press, Adelaide
Li H, Yao J, Chang X, Wu J, Duan T, Wang K (2018) LIFR increases the release of soluble endoglin via the upregulation of MMP14 expression in preeclampsia. Reproduction 155(3):297–306
Haybar H, Shahrabi S, Rezaeeyan H, Shirzad R, Saki N (2019) Endothelial cells: from dysfunction mechanism to pharmacological effect in cardiovascular disease. Cardiovasc Toxicol 19(1):13–22
Heinrich PC, Behrmann I, Haan S, Hermanns HM, Müller-Newen G, Schaper F (2003) Principles of interleukin (IL)-6-type cytokine signalling and its regulation. Biochem J 374(1):1–20
Kornacki J, Wirstlein P, Wender-Ozegowska E (2020) Markers of endothelial injury and dysfunction in early-and late-onset preeclampsia. Life 10(10):239
Kershaw NJ, Murphy JM, Liau NP, Varghese LN, Laktyushin A, Whitlock EL et al (2013) SOCS3 binds specific receptor–JAK complexes to control cytokine signaling by direct kinase inhibition. Nat Struct Mol Biol 20(4):469–476
Chen Q, Lv J, Yang W, Xu B, Wang Z, Yu Z et al (2019) Targeted inhibition of STAT3 as a potential treatment strategy for atherosclerosis. Theranostics 9(22):6424
Guerby P, Tasta O, Swiader A, Frédéric P, Bujold E, Parant O et al. Role of oxidative stress in the dysfunction of the placental endothelial nitric oxide synthase in preeclampsia. Redox Biology. 2021:101861
Blankenberg S, Barbaux S, Tiret L (2003) Adhesion molecules and atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis 170(2):191–203
Kirsch T, Beese M, Wyss K, Klinge U, Haller H, Haubitz M et al (2013) Aldosterone modulates endothelial permeability and endothelial nitric oxide synthase activity by rearrangement of the actin cytoskeleton. Hypertension 61(2):501–508
Aouache R, Biquard L, Vaiman D, Miralles F (2018) Oxidative stress in preeclampsia and placental diseases. Int J Mol Sci 19(5):1496
Szarka A, Rigó J, Lázár L, Bekő G, Molvarec A (2010) Circulating cytokines, chemokines and adhesion molecules in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia determined by multiplex suspension array. BMC Immunol 11(1):59
Saito S, Sakai M, Sasaki Y, Tanebe K, Tsuda H, Michimata T (1999) Quantitative analysis of peripheral blood Th0, Th1, Th2 and the Th1: Th2 cell ratio during normal human pregnancy and preeclampsia. Clin Exp Immunol 117(3):550
Kim S, Lee K-S, Choi S, Kim J, Lee D-K, Park M et al (2018) NF-κB–responsive miRNA-31-5p elicits endothelial dysfunction associated with preeclampsia via down-regulation of endothelial nitric-oxide synthase. J Biol Chem 293(49):18989–19000
Feizollahi N, Zayeri ZD, Moradi N, Zargar M, Rezaeeyan H (2018) The effect of coagulation factors polymorphisms on abortion. Front Biol 13(3):190–196
Chambard J-C, Lefloch R, Pouysségur J, Lenormand P (2007) ERK implication in cell cycle regulation. Biochim Biophys Acta (BBA) Mol Cell Res 1773(8):1299–1310
Lehmann U, Schmitz J, Weissenbach M, Sobota RM, Hörtner M, Friederichs K et al (2003) SHP2 and SOCS3 contribute to Tyr-759-dependent attenuation of interleukin-6 signaling through gp130. J Biol Chem 278(1):661–671
KUROKI M, O’FLAHERTY JT (1999) Extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK)-dependent and ERK-independent pathways target STAT3 on serine-727 in human neutrophils stimulated by chemotactic factors and cytokines. Biochem J 341(3):691–696
Cain RJ, Vanhaesebroeck B, Ridley AJ (2010) The PI3K p110α isoform regulates endothelial adherens junctions via Pyk2 and Rac1. J Cell Biol 188(6):863–876
Karar J, Maity A (2011) PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway in angiogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 4:51
Kumar S, Singhal V, Roshan R, Sharma A, Rembhotkar GW, Ghosh B (2007) Piperine inhibits TNF-α induced adhesion of neutrophils to endothelial monolayer through suppression of NF-κB and IκB kinase activation. Eur J Pharmacol 575(1–3):177–186
Zhou P, Xie W, Luo Y, Lu S, Dai Z, Wang R et al (2019) Protective effects of total saponins of Aralia elata (Miq.) on endothelial cell injury induced by TNF-α via modulation of the PI3K/Akt and NF-κB signalling pathways. Int J Mol Sci 20(1):36
Ozkan ZS, Simsek M, Ilhan F, Deveci D, Godekmerdan A, Sapmaz E (2014) Plasma IL-17, IL-35, interferon-γ, SOCS3 and TGF-β levels in pregnant women with preeclampsia, and their relation with severity of disease. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 27(15):1513–1517
Wang Y, Dong Q, Gu Y, Groome LJ (2016) Up-regulation of miR‐203 expression induces endothelial inflammatory response: potential role in preeclampsia. Am J Reprod Immunol 76(6):482–490
Shahrabi S, Rezaeeyan H, Ahmadzadeh A, Shahjahani M, Saki N (2016) Bone marrow blood vessels: normal and neoplastic niche. Oncol Rev 10(2):306
Taylor RN, de Groot CJ, Cho YK, Lim K-H (eds) (1998) Circulating factors as markers and mediators of endothelial cell dysfunction in preeclampsia. Semin Reprod Endocrinol 16(1):17–31
Roberts JM, Taylor RN, Goldfien A (1991) Clinical and biochemical evidence of endothelial cell dysfunction in the pregnancy syndrome preeclampsia. Oxford University Press, Oxford
Obstetricians, ACo (2002) Gynecologists. Diagnosis and management of preeclampsia and eclampsia. Obstet Gynecol 99:159–167
Vanderlocht J, Hendriks JJ, Venken K, Stinissen P, Hellings N (2006) Effects of IFN-β, leptin and simvastatin on LIF secretion by T lymphocytes of MS patients and healthy controls. J Neuroimmunol 177(1–2):189–200
McElwain CJ, Tuboly E, McCarthy FP, McCarthy CM (2020) Mechanisms of endothelial dysfunction in pre-eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus: windows into future cardiometabolic health? Front Endocrinol 11:655
Jahanbin K, Ghafourian M, Rashno M (2020) Effect of different concentrations of leukemia inhibitory factor on gene expression of vascular endothelial growth factor-A in trophoblast tumor cell line. Int J Fertil Steril 14(2):116
Red-Horse K, Zhou Y, Genbacev O, Prakobphol A, Foulk R, McMaster M et al (2004) Trophoblast differentiation during embryo implantation and formation of the maternal-fetal interface. J Clin Investig 114(6):744–754
Isenberg JS, Martin-Manso G, Maxhimer JB, Roberts DD (2009) Regulation of nitric oxide signalling by thrombospondin 1: implications for anti-angiogenic therapies. Nat Rev Cancer 9(3):182–194
Yu H, Yue X, Zhao Y, Li X, Wu L, Zhang C et al (2014) LIF negatively regulates tumour-suppressor p53 through Stat3/ID1/MDM2 in colorectal cancers. Nat Commun 5(1):1–12
Deepak V, Ravikumar N, Badell ML, Sidell N, Rajakumar A (2020) Transcription factor ID1 is involved in decidualization of stromal cells: implications in preeclampsia. Pregnancy Hypertens 21:7–13
Ling M-T, Wang X, Ouyang X-S, Xu K, Tsao S-W, Wong Y-C (2003) Id-1 expression promotes cell survival through activation of NF-κB signalling pathway in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 22(29):4498–4508
Lee TK, Poon RT, Yuen AP, Ling MT, Wang XH, Wong YC et al (2006) Regulation of angiogenesis by Id-1 through hypoxia-inducible factor-1α-mediated vascular endothelial growth factor up-regulation in hepatocellular carcinoma. Clin Cancer Res 12(23):6910–6919
Suman P, Malhotra SS, Gupta SK (2013) LIF-STAT signaling and trophoblast biology. JAK-STAT 2(4):e25155
Schorpp-Kistner M, Wang ZQ, Angel P, Wagner EF (1999) JunB is essential for mammalian placentation. EMBO J 18(4):934–948
Licht AH, Nübel T, Feldner A, Jurisch-Yaksi N, Marcello M, Demicheva E et al (2010) Junb regulates arterial contraction capacity, cellular contractility, and motility via its target Myl9 in mice. J Clin Investig 120(7):2307–2318
Mehta PK, Griendling KK (2007) Angiotensin II cell signaling: physiological and pathological effects in the cardiovascular system. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 292(1):C82–C97
Cat AND, Touyz RM (2011) Cell signaling of angiotensin II on vascular tone: novel mechanisms. Curr Hypertens Rep 13(2):122–128
Seko T, Ito M, Kureishi Y, Okamoto R, Moriki N, Onishi K et al (2003) Activation of RhoA and inhibition of myosin phosphatase as important components in hypertension in vascular smooth muscle. Circ Res 92(4):411–418
Tone E, Kunisada K, Fujio Y, Matsui H, Negoro S, Oh H et al (1998) Angiotensin II interferes with leukemia inhibitory factor-induced STAT3 activation in cardiac myocytes. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 253(1):147–150
Tummala PE, Chen X-L, Sundell CL, Laursen JB, Hammes CP, Alexander RW et al (1999) Angiotensin II induces vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 expression in rat vasculature: a potential link between the renin-angiotensin system and atherosclerosis. Circulation 100(11):1223–1229
Szmitko PE, Wang C-H, Weisel RD, de Almeida JR, Anderson TJ, Verma S (2003) New markers of inflammation and endothelial cell activation: part I. Circulation 108(16):1917–1923
Wang Y, Bao J, Peng M (2020) Effect of magnesium sulfate combined with labetalol on serum sFlt-1/PlGF ratio in patients with early–onset severe pre-eclampsia. Exp Ther Med 20(6):1
Xiang C, Zhou X, Zheng X (2020) Magnesium sulfate in combination with nifedipine in the treatment of pregnancy-induced hypertension. Pak J Med Sci 36(2):21
Mohamadianamiri M, Eshraghi N, Rokhgireh S, Karimi F, Ebrahimi M (2019) The effect of vitamin A on decreased β-hCG production in molar pregnancy. Arch Med Lab Sci 5(3):1–6
Wu Y, WANG D, Zhang Y, ZHANG Y, Zhang R (2020) Regulation of magnesium sulfate combined with nifedipine and labetalol on disease-related molecules in serum and placenta in the treatment of preeclampsia. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci 24:5062–5070
Rolnik DL, Nicolaides KH (2020) Prevention of preeclampsia with aspirin. Am J Obstet Gynecol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.08.045
Zhao M, Chang C, Liu Z, Chen L, Chen Q (2010) Treatment with low-dose aspirin increased the level LIF and integrin β3 expression in mice during the implantation window. Placenta 31(12):1101–1105
Kräker K, O’Driscoll JM, Schütte T, Herse F, Patey O, Golic M et al (2020) Statins reverse postpartum cardiovascular dysfunction in a rat model of preeclampsia. Hypertension 75(1):202–210
Tong S, Tu’uhevaha J, Hastie R, Brownfoot F, Cluver C, Hannan N (2020) Pravastatin, proton pump inhibitors, metformin, micronutrients and biologics: new horizons for the prevention or treatment of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajog.2020.09.014
Zhou X, Li D, Yan W, Li W (2008) Pravastatin prevents aortic atherosclerosis via modulation of signal transduction and activation of transcription 3 (STAT3) to attenuate interleukin-6 (IL-6) action in ApoE knockout mice. Int J Mol Sci 9(11):2253–2264
Oskowitz AZ, Lu J, Penfornis P, Ylostalo J, McBride J, Flemington EK et al (2008) Human multipotent stromal cells from bone marrow and microRNA: regulation of differentiation and leukemia inhibitory factor expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105(47):18372–18377
Todd N, McNally R, Alqudah A, Jerotic D, Suvakov S, Obradovic D et al (2020) Role of a novel angiogenesis FKBPL-CD44 pathway in preeclampsia risk stratification and mesenchymal stem cell treatment. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 106(1):26–41
Acknowledgements
We wish to thank all our colleagues in Yasuj University of Medical Sciences.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Contributions
PE has conceived the manuscript and revised it. MA and ME wrote the manuscript. MA and MM design table. NE conducted revise.
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors declare no conflict of interest.
Ethical approval
This article does not contain any studies with human participants or animals performed by any of the authors.
Additional information
Publisher’s Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Abdolalian, M., Ebrahimi, M., Aghamirzadeh, M. et al. The role of leukemia inhibitory factor in pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia: molecular and cell signaling approach. J Mol Histol 52, 635–642 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10735-021-09989-7
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10735-021-09989-7