Abstract
Wetlands are essential habitats for amphibians, but for many species, no information is available regarding how and when they make use of the different environments within the upland-wetland ecotone, nor which variables affect spatial and temporal distribution. We sought to determine the habitat preferences of two tree frog species using a capture-recapture approach in a wetland located in the Paraguayan Humid Chaco. We also evaluated the water quality and its influence on the abundance of these tree frog species. We measured 12 water quality parameters and sampled tree frogs using 168 PVC pipes in the wetland and adjacent riparian forest. Four sampling campaigns were carried out during the wet season in November 2017, January, and March 2018, and the dry season in May 2018. We captured 1578 individuals of Scinax nasicus and 156 individuals of Dendropsophus nanus. We found that terrestrial habitats adjacent to wetlands play an important role in the biology of tree frog species, especially for S. nasicus. This species seeks permanents shelters away from the high-water line in the floodable forest during the dry season. D. nanus also showed a marked seasonal pattern, using the PVC pipes mainly in the dry season, but a pattern in habitat preference could not be determined. The water quality parameters indicated a certain degree of eutrophication in the wetland and we also found high average concentrations of fecal coliforms. We found a negative correlation between the abundance of frogs and the presence of fecal coliforms during the dry season.
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Acknowledgments
The permits to perform this study were obtained from the Ministerio del Ambiente y Desarrollo Sostenible (Scientific collection permit N° 173-2017). We thank for the help received by the staff of Estancia Playada and the American Chaco Research Center, also to P. Moreno, H. Sánchez, A. Florentín, L. Macedo Amarilla for their help in fieldwork. We thank R. Clay for reviewing the English writing of the revised manuscript. We also thank the Programa Nacional de Incentivo a los Investigadores (PRONII) from CONACYT. Finally, we thank the suggestions made by the anonymous reviewers, which substantially improved the quality of the initial manuscript.
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ACG, DBV, KM, and RL contributed to the study conception and design. ACG, DBV, KM, RL, LR, MF and LC conducted fieldwork and participate in material preparation and data collection. The first draft of the manuscript was written by ACG, DBV, and FS. All authors commented on previous versions of the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Supplementary Information
Supplementary Figure 1
Number of captures and recaptures of tree frogs using the PVC pipes by month and average rainfall and temperature in the wetland and riparian forest in Cerrito (Presidente Hayes, Paraguay) (PNG 127 kb)
Supplementary Figure 2
Predictor effect plots for the S. nasicus best model in relation to sampling month and habitat variables (distance to the high-water line of the wetland and forest type). Left panel shows the period effect on S. nasicus abundance and the right model the distance x forest type interaction effect. 95% Confidence intervals are shown (PNG 178 kb)
Supplementary Figure 3
Predictor effect plot for the D. nanus best model in relation to sampling month and habitat variables (distance to the high-water line of the wetland and forest type). The panel shows the period effect on D. nanus abundance. 95% Confidence intervals are shown (PNG 91 kb)
Supplementary Table 1
Water quality parameters measured along the mainstream of the wetland in Cerrito (Presidente Hayes, Paraguay), and methods used to obtain each parameter. Means, standard deviation, minimum and maximum values for each month, and results of the Friedman test are indicated. Abbreviations in the table: PRO.ME = internal procedure, Rev. = review, SM = Standard Method - Standard normalized methods for drinking water and wastewater analysis, edition N° 17 (APHA-AWWA-WPCF), NN = non-standardized. Supplementary Table 2. Type-II (non-significant interactions) and type-III ANOVA (significant interactions) results of the best models selected by backward model selection for all the data, and the subset of data that included water quality parameters. Supplementary Table 3. Results of the Principal Component Analysis (PCA) of the water quality parameters (ordered by sampling months) of the wetland in Cerrito, Presidente Hayes, Paraguay (XLSX 20 kb)
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Caballero-Gini, A., Bueno-Villafañe, D., Ferreira, M. et al. Seasonal Habitat Preferences and Response to Water Quality Parameters of Tree Frog Species in a Neotropical Wetland. Wetlands 41, 63 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01452-3
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s13157-021-01452-3