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Orange Juice Processing Waste as a Biopolymer Base for Biodegradable Film Formation Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofiber and Activated with Nettle Essential Oil

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Abstract

Concerns about environmental problems have led to the development of biodegradable packaging. Food wastes as a byproduct could be a good source for biopolymers. This study aimed to describe the physical and antimicrobial features of nano biocomposite films based on orange waste powder (OWP) with different concentrations of nettle essential oil (NEO) (1.5 and 3%) as an antibacterial agent and cellulose nanofiber (CNF) (3 and 6%) as a structural reinforcement. Thus, Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry analysis (DSC) were performed. Further, tensile strength, elongation at break, water vapor permeability, and antimicrobial properties were investigated. As a result, the addition of CNF improved the tensile strength and water barrier properties of the samples. Compared to the control film, adding NEO (3%) decreased the tensile strength but increased water vapor permeability and melting temperature. Moreover, the OWP-based film samples had an antimicrobial effect against five foodborne pathogens; this effect was increased considerably by enhancing the NEO concentration. In this regard, the maximum and minimum susceptibility was related to the Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica, respectively. In conclusion, orange waste could be used to produce an active film with improved physicomechanical and antibacterial properties by incorporating CNF and NEO.

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Acknowledgements

The authors gratefully acknowledge the supports of the Islamic Azad University, Tabriz Branch. This research did not receive any specific grant from funding agencies in the public, commercial, or not-for-profit sectors.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Food Science and Technology, Tabriz Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tabriz, Iran

    Seyedeh Elham Mousavi Kalajahi, Ainaz Alizadeh & Narmela Asefi

  2. Drug Applied Research Center, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran

    Hamed Hamishehkar

  3. Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agriculture, Urmia University, Urmia, Iran

    Hadi Almasi

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  1. Seyedeh Elham Mousavi Kalajahi
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  2. Ainaz Alizadeh
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  3. Hamed Hamishehkar
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Correspondence to Ainaz Alizadeh.

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Mousavi Kalajahi, S., Alizadeh, A., Hamishehkar, H. et al. Orange Juice Processing Waste as a Biopolymer Base for Biodegradable Film Formation Reinforced with Cellulose Nanofiber and Activated with Nettle Essential Oil. J Polym Environ 30, 258–269 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10924-021-02195-2

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