Quantum error correction protocols have been developed to offset the high sensitivity to noise inherent in quantum systems. However, much is still unknown about the behavior of a quantum error-correcting code under general noise, including noisy measurements. This lack of knowledge is largely due to the computational cost of simulating quantum systems large enough to perform nontrivial encodings. In this paper, we develop general methods for incorporating noisy measurement operations into simulations of quantum error-correcting codes and show that measurement errors on readout qubits manifest as a renormalization on the effective logical noise. We also derive general methods for reducing the computational complexity of calculating the exact effective logical noise by many orders of magnitude. This reduction is achieved by determining when different recovery operations produce equivalent logical noise. These methods could also be used to better approximate soft decoding schemes for concatenated codes or to reduce the size of a lookup table to speed up the error correction step in implementations of quantum error-correcting codes. We give examples of such reductions for the three-qubit, five-qubit, Steane, concatenated, and toric codes.

• Received 29 March 2021
• Accepted 29 April 2021

DOI:https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevA.103.062404