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The TMRT K band observations towards 26 infrared dark clouds: NH3, CCS, and HC3N

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Abstract

We present one of the first Shanghai Tian Ma Radio Telescope (TMRT) K Band observations towards a sample of 26 infrared dark clouds (IRDCs). We observed the (1,1), (2,2), (3,3), and (4,4) transitions of NH3 together with CCS (21–>10) and HC3N J = 2–1, simultaneously. The survey dramatically increases the existing CCS-detected IRDC sample from 8 to 23, enabling a better statistical study of the ratios of carbon-chain molecules (CCM) to N-bearing molecules in IRDCs. With the newly developed hyperfine group ratio (HFGR) method of fitting NH3 inversion lines, we found the gas temperature to be between 10 and 18 K. The column density ratios of CCS to NH3 for most of the IRDCs are less than 10−2, distinguishing IRDCs from low-mass star-forming regions. We carried out chemical evolution simulations based on a three-phase chemical model NAUTILUS. Our measurements of the column density ratios between CCM and NH3 are consistent with chemical evolutionary ages of ≲105 yr in the models. Comparisons of the data and chemical models suggest that CCS, HC3N, and NH3 are sensitive to the chemical evolutionary stages of the sources.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. National Astronomical Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100101, China

    Jinjin Xie, Di Li, Longfei Chen, Zhiyuan Ren, Jingwen Wu & Yan Duan

  2. University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100049, China

    Jinjin Xie, Di Li, Zhiyuan Ren, Jingwen Wu & Yan Duan

  3. Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PL, UK

    Jinjin Xie & Gary A. Fuller

  4. Intituto de Astrofísica de Andalucia (CSIC), Granada, 18008, Spain

    Gary A. Fuller

  5. I. Physikalisches Institute, University of Cologne, Köln, 50937, Germany

    Gary A. Fuller

  6. NAOC-UKZN Computational Astrophysics Centre, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Durban, 4000, South Africa

    Di Li

  7. Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, 200030, China

    Junzhi Wang, Juan Li, Tie Liu & Zhiqiang Shen

  8. School of Physics & Astronomy, Cardiff University, Cardiff, CF24 3AA, United Kingdom

    Nicolas Peretto

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  1. Jinjin Xie
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Correspondence to Di Li.

Additional information

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 11988101, 11725313, 11911530226, and 11403041), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences International Partnership Program (Grant No. 114A11KYSB20160008). The authors would like to thank the referees for the many constructive comments. Jinjin Xie would like to thank the support and help from the TMRT operating team and the co-observer Yaoting Yan during her observations at Shanghai Tian Ma Radio Telescope. Jinjin Xie would also like to thank Xintong Lu and Yongxiong Wang for correcting the English in this paper. Gary A. Fuller acknowledges financial support from the State Agency for Research of the Spanish MCIU through the AYA2017-84390-C2-1-R grant (co-funded by FEDER) and through the “Center of Excellence Severo Ochoa” award for the Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucia (Grant No. SEV-2017-0709). Gary A. Fuller also acknowledges support from the Collaborative Research Centre 956, funded by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (Grant No. 184018867).

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Xie, J., Fuller, G.A., Li, D. et al. The TMRT K band observations towards 26 infrared dark clouds: NH3, CCS, and HC3N. Sci. China Phys. Mech. Astron. 64, 279511 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11433-021-1695-0

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