Skip to main content
Log in

Experimental Studies in Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Roller Compacted Concrete Containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Cold Region

  • Research paper
  • Published:
International Journal of Civil Engineering Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The present study mainly aimed to evaluate the possibility of making a roller-compacted concrete (R.C.C.) to build environmentally friendly road pavements in freezing conditions and using the results of non-destructive ultrasonic pulse wave velocity test to evaluate the behavior of R.C.C. Due to the high volume of environmental pollutions in the cement production process, ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS) has replaced cement. In this study, GGBS was added at the rate of 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60% to R.C.C. samples by cement weight, and then its mechanical properties were evaluated in cold regions. Next, several laboratory tests were performed in this regard, including compressive strength, splitting tensile strength, flexural strength, durability (thaw and freezing cycles), water absorption, and ultrasonic pulse wave velocity (U.P.V.). Based on the findings, adding 30% GGBS improved the mechanical properties of R.C.C. samples. This value of GGBS caused the compressive strength of R.C.C. specimen's increase 18%, splitting strength almost 43%, and flexural capacity approximately 56% during all resistance curing times. Moreover, 30% GGBS prepared the lowest percentage of weight loss in roller concrete samples in thaw and freezing cycles, and the ultrasonic speed of roller concrete samples has decreased with an increasing number of thaw and freezing cycles due to increasing weight loss percentage. Eventually, there was a good correlation between the findings of U.P.V. values and other tests, and it was possible to predict the behavior of R.C.C. samples using this test.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5
Fig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
Fig. 9
Fig. 10
Fig. 11
Fig. 12
Fig. 13
Fig. 14
Fig. 15
Fig. 16
Fig. 17
Fig. 18
Fig. 19
Fig. 20
Fig. 21

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. - ACI 325. (2001), "State of the Art Report on Roller Compacted Concrete Pavements", Manual of concrete practice, American Concrete Institute. https://www.concrete.org/committees/directoryofcommittees/acommitteehome.aspx?committee_code=C0032500

  2. Gauthier P, March J (2005) Design and Construction of Roller Compacted Concrete Pavements in Quebec”, Association des constructeurs routes et grands travaux Québec, Canada

  3. Harrington DAF (2005) Guide for Roller compacted Concrete Pavements. Iowa State University, National Concrete Pavement Technology Center, Iowa, U.S.A

    Google Scholar 

  4. Meyer C (2009) The greening of the concrete industry. Cement Concr Compos 31(8):601–605. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2008.12.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Xiao J, Xie H, Zhang CH (2012) Investigation on building waste and reclaim in Wenchuan earthquake disaster area. Resourc Conserv Recycl 61:109–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2012.01.012

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Barbara de Oliviera M, Vazquez E (1996) the influence of retained moisture in aggregates from recycling on the properties of new hardened concrete. Waste Manag 16(3):113–117. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0956-053X(96)00033-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. Oikonomou Nik, D. (2005) Recycled concrete aggregates. Cem Concr Compos 27(2):315–318. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2004.02.020

    Article  Google Scholar 

  8. Qasrawi H, Shalabi F, Asi I (2009) Use of low Cao unprocessed steel slag in concrete as fine aggregate. Constr Build Mater 23(2):1118–1125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.06.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. NISSOUX, J. E. (1987) “The use of roller compacted concrete for road-building”, Report of the PIARC Technical Committee on Concrete Roads, XVIIIth World Road Congress, Brussels, 13–19 September 1987 PIARC. France, Paris

    Google Scholar 

  10. Micah Hale W, Freyne F, S. and W. Rusell, B. (2009) Examining the frost resistance of high performance concrete. Construction and Building Material 23(2):878–888. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.04.006

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Mindess S, Young JF (1981) Concrete. Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, Englewood Cliffs

    Google Scholar 

  12. - Powers TC (1975) Freezing effects of concrete, ACI SP-47, American Concrete Institute, 1–11

  13. Bassouni MT, Nehdi ML (2009) Durability of self-consolidating concrete to sulfate attack under combined cyclic environments and flexural loading. Cem Concr Res 39(3):206–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconres.2008.12.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  14. Litvan GG (1972) Phase Transitions of Adsorbates: IV, Mechanism of Frost Action in Hardened Cement Paste. J Am Ceram Soc 55(1):38–42. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1151-2916.1972.tb13393.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  15. Detwiler Rachel J, Dalgleish Brain J, Brady R (1989) Assessing the durability of concrete in freezing and thawing. ACI Mater J 86(1):29–35

    Google Scholar 

  16. Yang H, Huang. (1994) Pavement Analysis and Design, 2nd edn. University of Kentucky, Pearson publication

    Google Scholar 

  17. Halsted GE (2009) Roller-Compacted Concrete Pavements for Highways and Streets", Annual Conference of the Transportation Association of Canada, 1–15

  18. Hazaree C, Ceylan H, Wang K (2011) Influences of mixture composition on properties and freeze-thaw resistance of R.C.C. Constr Build Mater 25(1):313–319. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.06.023

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Hazare C, Wang K, Ceylan H, Gopalakrishnan K (2011) Capillary transport in R.C.C.: water-to-cement ratio, strength, and freeze-thaw resistance. J Mater Civil Eng 23(8):1181–1191. https://doi.org/10.1061/%28ASCE%29MT.1943-5533.0000284

    Article  Google Scholar 

  20. Alexandre Bogas J, de Brito J, Ramos D (2016) Freeze–thaw resistance of concrete produced with fine recycled concrete aggregates. J Clean Prod 115(1):294–306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2015.12.065

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Pourabdollah, H. and Dabiri, R. (2017), "Effects of Micro Silica on Mechanical Properties of Roller Compacted Concrete Pavement (RCCP) in Cold Regions", J Concr Struct Mater, 2(1), 48–64. https://doi.org/10.30478/jcsm.2017.54799(In Persian)

  22. Celik K, Jackson MD, Mancio M, Meral C, Emwas AH, Mehta PK, Monteiro PJM (2014) High-volume natural volcanic pozzolan and limestone powder as partial replacements for portland cement in self-compacting and sustainable concrete. Cem Concr Compos 45:136–147. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2013.09.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Jones R, Fącąoaru I (1969) Recommendations for testing concrete by the ultrasonic pulse method. Mater Struct 2(4):275–284. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02475162

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Kar, A., Halabe, U. B., Ray, I., and Unnikrishnan, A. (2013), "Non-destructive characterizations of alkali activated fly ash and/or slag concrete", Eur Sci J, 9: 24. http://www.eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/view/1695/1684.

  25. Singh G, Siddique R (2012) Effect of waste foundry sand (W.F.S.) as partial replacement of sand on the strength, ultrasonic pulse velocity and permeability of concrete. Constr Build Mater 26(1):416–422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2011.06.041

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Qixian L, Bungey JH (1996) Using compression wave ultrasonic transducers to measure the velocity of surface waves and hence determine dynamic modulus of elasticity for concrete. Constr Build Mater 10(4):237–242. https://doi.org/10.1016/0950-0618(96)00003-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Yu R, Spiesz P, Brouwers HJH (2015) Development of an eco-friendly Ultra- High Performance Concrete (UHPC) with efficient cement and mineral admixtures uses. Cem Concr Compos 55:383–394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2014.09.024

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Le Thanh H, Michael Ludwig H (2016) Effect of rice husk ash and other mineral admixtures on properties of self-compacting high performance concrete. Mater Des 89:156–166. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.matdes.2015.09.120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Bouikni A, Swamy RN, Bali A (2009) Durability properties of concrete containing 50% and 65% slag. Constr Build Mater 23(6):2836–2845. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2009.02.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Afroughsabet V, Biolzi L, Ozbakkaloglu T (2017) Influence of double hooked-end steel fibers and slag on mechanical and durability properties of high performance recycled aggregate concrete. Compos Struct 181:273–284. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compstruct.2017.08.086

    Article  Google Scholar 

  31. Li G, Zhao X (2003) Properties of concrete incorporating fly ash and ground granulated blast-furnace slag". Cem Concr Comp 25:293–299. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0958-9465(02)00058-6

    Article  Google Scholar 

  32. Oner A, Akyuz S (2007) An experimental study on optimum usage of GGBS for the compressive strength of concrete. Cem Concr Comp 29(6):505–514. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cemconcomp.2007.01.001

    Article  Google Scholar 

  33. Rao SK, Sravana P, Rao TC (2016) Experimental studies in Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Roller compacted concrete pavement containing Fly Ash and M-sand. Int J Pavem Res Technol. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijprt.2016.08.003

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Saluja S, Goyal SH, Bhattacharjee B (2019) "trength properties of roller compacted concrete containing GGBS as partial replacement of cement. J Eng Res. 7(1), 1–17. https://kuwaitjournals.org/jer/index.php/JER/article/view/4576

  35. Aghaeipour A, Madhkhan M (2020) Effect of Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag (GGBFS) on mechanical properties of roller-compacted concrete pavement. J Test Eval 48(4):1–18. https://doi.org/10.1520/JTE20170786

    Article  Google Scholar 

  36. ASTM C150. (2012), "Standard Specification for Portland Cement", Annual book of ASTM standards

  37. Law DW, Adam AA, Molyneaux TK, Patnaikuni I (2012) Durability assessment of alkali activated slag (A.A.S.) concrete. Mater Struct 45:1425–1437. https://doi.org/10.1617/s11527-012-9842-1

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. - Betonshimi Mahan Company, www.bsm.pcn.ir

  39. ASTM C618 (2008) "American Society for Testing and Materials, Standard Specification for Coal Fly Ash and Raw or Calcined Natural Pozzolan for Use in Concrete", Annual book of ASTM standards

  40. www.fosroc.com, Conplast AEA, FOSROC Company

  41. ASTM C260–1. (2001), "Standard Specification for Air-Entraining Admixtures for Concrete", Annual book of ASTM standards

  42. Code 354 (2009) "Guideline for design and construction of rolled compacted concrete pavements, Ministry of Roads and Transportation Bureau of Technical Execution Systems Deputy of Training; Research and Information Technology, Iran

  43. ACI 325.10. (2000) "State of art Report on Roller Compacted Concrete Pavements" American Concrete Institute

  44. ASTM D5821 (2013) Standard Test method for determining the Percentage of Fractured Particles in Coarse Aggregates, Annual book of ASTM standards

  45. Neville AM (1981) Properties of Concrete, 3rd edn. Longman, London, UK

    Google Scholar 

  46. - Waddell JJ, Dobrowolski JA (1993) Concrete Construction Handbook," 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill, Inc

  47. ASTM C1170 (2000) "Standard Test Method for Determining Consistency and Denity of Roller-Compacted Concrete Using a Vibrating Table", Annual book of ASTM standards

  48. ASTM C597–16 (2016) Standard Test Method for Pulse Velocity Through Concrete", Annual book of ASTM standards

  49. ASTM C39–01 (2001) Standard Test Method for Compressive Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens", Annual book of ASTM standards

  50. ASTM C496–17. (2017) Standard Test Method for Splitting Tensile Strength of Cylindrical Concrete Specimens", Annual book of ASTM standards

  51. ASTM C1609–10. (2010), "Standard Test Method for Flexural Performance of Fiber-Reinforced Concrete (Using Beam With Third-Point Loading)", Annual book of ASTM standards

  52. ASTM C666–03. (2003), "Standard Test Method for Resistance of Concrete to Rapid Freezing and Thawing", Annual book of ASTM standards

  53. - ASTM C642–13. (2013), "Standard Test Method for Density, Absorption, and Voids in Hardened Concrete", Annual book of ASTM standards.[54]- Topcu I. B. (2006), "Statistics in Civil Engineering", Eskisehir, 153-162

  54. Topcu I. B. (2006), "Statistics in Civil Engineering", Eskisehir, 153–162

  55. Topcu I, B., Bilir, T., and Uygunoğlu T. (2009) Effect of waste marble dust content as filler on properties of self-compacting concrete. Constr Build Mater 23(5):1947–1953. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2008.09.007

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors would like to thank the support of Azerbaijan Shahid Madani University advance concrete technology laboratory for conducting tests.

Funding

The authors declare that for performing this research no funding has been received.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Rouzbeh Dabiri.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Toutounchi, S., Dabiri, R. & Dilmaghani, S. Experimental Studies in Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity of Roller Compacted Concrete Containing Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag in Cold Region. Int J Civ Eng 19, 1383–1398 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00637-5

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Revised:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40999-021-00637-5

Keywords

Navigation