Abstract
The underwater glider is a new type of unpowered, unmanned, moving observational platform with advantages of low-noise level, long operation time, far sustainable range, and high cost-effectiveness. In the paper, based on the underwater glider platform integrated with single vector acoustic sensor, an underwater acoustic glider platform is developed with the ability to detect target direction and observe the ambient noise. The acoustic measurement system and the self-noise of the glider platform under each working condition are tested to analyze the self-noise levels of the acoustic system and the primary noise sources of the platform, and conduct the vibration and noise reduction processing of the platform and optimize the working mode of the acoustic system. The test result shows that the underwater acoustic glider with the optimization has the ability to observe the ambient noise only on the pressure hydrophone channel. With the data sampled from one of the underwater gliders of the sea trial organized in a certain area of the South China Sea in August 2019, authors analyze the variation of spectrum levels of the ambient noise with the depth and the time at the center of seven frequency points (63 Hz, 100 Hz, 200 Hz, 400 Hz, 800 Hz, 1.6 kHz and 3.15 kHz) and discuss the influence of the sailing vessel close to the glider on it. The experimental result shows that the underwater acoustic glider, as an unscrewed moving platform, can be well used to monitor the ambient noise properties over a long term.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Knudsen, V.O., Alford, R.S., Emling, J.W.: Under-water ambient noise [J]. Mar Res. 7, 410–429 (1948)
Wenz, G.M.: Acoustic ambient noise in the Ocean: spectra and sources [J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 34, 1936–1956 (1962)
Wenz, G.M.: Review of underwater acoustics research: noise [J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 51, 1010–1024 (1972)
Morris, G.B.: Depth dependence of ambient noise in the northeastern Pacific Ocean [J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 64(2), 581–590 (1978)
Kuperman, W.A., Ferla, M.C.: A shallow water experiment to determine the source spectrum level of wind-generated noise [J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 77, 2067–2073 (1985)
Kinda, G.B., Courtois, F.L., Stéphan, Y.: Ambient noise dynamics in a heavy shipping area [J]. Mar. Pollut. Bull. 124, 535–546 (2017)
Roul, S., Kumar, C.R.S., Das, A.: Ambient noise estimation in territorial waters using AIS data [J]. Appl. Acoust. 148, 375–380 (2019)
Wang, C., Da, L.L., Han, M., et al.: Correlation property analyses of ambient noise with surface wind speed in summer of the South China Sea [J]. J. Appl. Acoust. 34(3), 243–248 (2015)
Da, L.L., Wang, C., Lu, X.T., et al.: The characteristic analysis of ambient noise spectrum based on submersible buoy [J]. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 36(5), 54–60 (2014)
Da, L.L., Wang, C., Han, M., et al.: Ambient noise spectral properties in the north area of Xisha [J]. Acta Oceanol. Sin. 33(12), 206–211 (2014)
Yu, J.C., Liu, S.J., Jin, W.M., et al.: The present state of deep-sea underwater glider technologies and applications [J]. J. Eng. Stud. 8(2), 208–216 (2016)
Shen, X.R., Wang, Y.H., Yang, S.Q., et al.: Development of underwater gliders: An overview and prospect [J]. J. Unmann. Undersea Syst. 26(2), 89–106 (2018)
Moore, S.E., Howe, B.M., Stafford, K.M., et al.: Including whale call detection in standard ocean measurements: application of acoustic seagliders [J]. Mar. Technol. Soc. 41(4), 53–57 (2007)
Matsumoto, H., Haxel, J.H., Dziak, R.P.: Mapping the sound field of an erupting submarine volcano using an acoustic glider [J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 129(3), 94–99 (2011)
Haxel, J.H., Matsumoto, H., Meinig, C., et al.: Ocean sound levels in the northeast Pacific recorded from an autonomous underwater glider [J]. PLoS ONE 14(11), e0225325 (2019)
Ferguson, G.F., Lo, K.W., Rodgers, J.D.: Sensing the underwater acoustic environment with a single hydrophone onboard an undersea glider [J]. Oceans IEEE Syd. 30, 327–337 (2010)
Holmes, J.D., Carey, W.M., Lynch, J.F., et al.: An autonomous underwater vehicle towed array for ocean acoustic measurements and inversions [J]. Eur. Oceans. 2, 1058–1061 (2005)
Poulsen, A.J., Eickstedt, D.P., Ianniello, J.P.: Bearing stabilization and tracking for an AUV with an acoustic line array [J]. In: Oceans. pp. 1–6 (2006)
Jiang, Y.M., John, O.: Underwater source localization using a hydrophone-equipped glider [J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 19, 1–5 (2013)
Liu, L., Xiao, L.: Measurement and analysis of self-noise in hybrid-driven underwater gliders [J]. Chin. J. Ship Res. 12(4), 132–139 (2017)
Liu, L., Xiao, L., Lan, S.Q., et al.: Using petrel II glider to analyze underwater noise spectrogram in the South China Sea [J]. Acoust. Aust. 46(2), 1–8 (2018)
Jiang, C., Li, J.L., Xu, W.: The use of underwater gliders as acoustic sensing platforms [J]. Appl. Acoust. 9, 4839–4852 (2019)
Wang, W.L., Wang, C., Han, M., et al.: Application research of vector hydrophone onboard an underwater glider [J]. Acta Armamentarii. 40(12), 2580–2587 (2019)
Wang, C., Han, M., Sun, Q.D., et al.: Noise measurement and optimization of underwater acoustic glider platform [J]. J. Unmann. Undersea Syst. 28(4), 396–402 (2020)
Wang, C., Yuan, M.: Application study of a new underwater glider with single vector hydrophone for target direction finding [J]. IEEE Access. 9, 34156–34164 (2021)
Sun, Q.D., Da, L.L., Hou, W.S., et al.: Design of a new real-time gesture correction vector hydrophones [J]. Tech. Acoust. 34(2), 304–307 (2015)
Sun, Q.D., Hou, W.S., Wang, W.L., et al.: The design and implementation for three dimension co-vibrating vector hydrophone [J]. Chin. J. Sens. Actuators. 29(6), 952–956 (2016)
Zhu, L.M.: Research on properties and applications of vector acoustic field in shallow water vector hydrophone. Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing (2015)
Barnard, A.R., Hambric, S.A.: Design and implementation of a shielded underwater vector sensor for laboratory environments [J]. J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 130(6), 386–391 (2011)
Acknowledgements
The authors thank the staff involved in the underwater glider experiment in the South China Sea in August 2019 and in the revision of English grammar.
Funding
This research was sponsored by the National High Technology Research and Development Program of China (Grant No. 2019YFC0311700).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
About this article
Cite this article
Wang, C., Yuan, M. Research on the Ambient Noise Observation Technology Based on the Underwater Glider. Acoust Aust 49, 485–493 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s40857-021-00243-4
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s40857-021-00243-4