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New Paracalanidae species from the central coast of Brazil: morphological description and molecular evidence

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Abstract

Two new species of Paracalanidae, Giesbrecht, 1893, have been described. Paracalanus brasiliensis sp. nov. and Bestiolina brasiliensis sp. nov. were registered in four estuaries on the central coast of Brazil. Paracalanus brasiliensis sp. nov. females differ from their congeners mainly with regard to body size, the structure of swimming legs 1–4, absence of bristles in the coxopodites, spinules between the spines in the third segment of the exopodite, and the shape of the seminal receptacles. The uniformity of the number of spinules and their location on the anterior face of the second exopodite of legs 2–3 and the absence of spinules on the endopodite of legs 3–4 differentiate Bestiolina brasiliensis sp. nov. females from other Bestiolina Andronov, 1991, species. In the males of both species, the main diagnostic features (swimming leg seta, spine formula, and ornamentation) are generally observed in females with a few additional characteristics. Genetic divergence analyses based on partial mitochondrial COI (mtCOI) sequences revealed no genetic divergence between Paracalanus brasiliensis sp. nov. and Paracalanus sp. E. sensu Cornils and Held (2014), demonstrating that they are mutually conspecific. mtCOI sequence data from Bestiolina brasiliensis sp. nov. identified a clade with high bootstrap support that separated the specimens in this study from other Bestiolina species. The present report provides the first morphological description of females and males of both Paracalanus brasiliensis sp. nov. and Bestiolina brasiliensis sp. nov. and presents molecular evidence for species specificity. Matters regarding the validity of these species are also discussed.

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Acknowledgements

We thank our colleagues from the Laboratório Integrado de Zooplâncton e Ictioplâncton, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, especially Dra. Adriana Valente de Araujo, MSc Pedro F. de Carvalho, and Dr. Régis Vinícius Souza Santos who helped with the field work, Claudio de Souza Ressur for help with copepod sorting, and MSc Mariana Muget Julio for companionship during all stages of the manuscript. We would also like to acknowledge our colleagues MSc Victor Hugo Giordano Dias, MSc Isadora C. Toledo e Mello, and MSc Maria Clara da Costa Simas from the Laboratório de Metabolismo Macromolecular Firmino Torres de Castro, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, who helped with the molecular analysis. We thank Dra. Michelle Klautau for all the hours of explanation and suggestions in the analysis of phylogenetic trees. We thank MSc. Pedro Freitas de Carvalho for editing the micrographs, Dr. Luís Gustavo Barretto Rodrigues for the male drawings and Dr. Rafael Bendayan de Moura for the female drawings and for all the attention, availability, criticism, and suggestions. We would like to thank Editage (www.editage.com) for English language editing. We appreciate the reviewers’ time to read critically our study and the many good suggestions provided that greatly improved the original MS.

Funding

This study was funded by Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (FAPERJ, E-26/110.363/2012).

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Correspondence to Cristina de Oliveira Dias.

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Conflict of interest

The authors declare no competing interests.

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This article does not contain any studies with animals performed by any of the authors.

Sampling and field studies

All necessary permits for sampling and observational field studies have been obtained by the authors from the competent authorities and are mentioned in the acknowledgements when applicable.

Data availability

All data generated and/or analyzed during the current study are included in this published article and its supplementary information files.

Author contribution

SLCB designed and participated in the fieldwork study and revised the paper; COD and FGV-M analyzed the data and wrote the paper. AC analyzed the molecular data and revised the paper. RS designed the molecular analysis and revised the paper. All authors edited the manuscript.

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Communicated by S. Ohtsuka

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This article is registered in ZooBank under http://zoobank.org/E80A6743-B925-48AA-84A6-4CBDA7987C51

Supplementary information

Online Resource 1

Distance matrix showing inter- and intraspecific percentage divergence of genus Paracalanus (XLS 49 kb)

Online Resource 2

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of COI haplotypes for the Paracalanus parvus species complex. Bootstrap support values (BS) are shown at the nodes. Only values above 0.5 are displayed. The new sequences of Paracalanus brasiliensis sp. nov. are marked in bold letters (JPG 4387 kb)

Online Resource 3

Distance matrix showing inter- and intraspecific percentage divergence of genus Bestiolina (XLS 48 kb)

Online Resource 4

Maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of COI haplotypes for the Bestiolina spp. Bootstrap support values (BS) are shown at the nodes. Only values above 0.5 are displayed. The new sequences of Bestiolina brasiliensis sp. nov. are marked in bold letters (JPG 3623 kb)

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Vieira-Menezes, F.G., de Oliveira Dias, C., Cornils, A. et al. New Paracalanidae species from the central coast of Brazil: morphological description and molecular evidence. Mar. Biodivers. 51, 54 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-021-01188-7

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12526-021-01188-7

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