Abstract
Self-Determination Theory (SDT) has consistently shown that the satisfaction of the basic psychological needs for autonomy, competence and relatedness are essential nutrients for optimal human functioning across a diverse range of domains such as family, sports, education and work. SDT has also found that materialism—the relative importance attached to extrinsic versus intrinsic life goals—not only reduces need satisfaction, but also increases need frustration. Yet, what psychological mechanisms explain this association remain unknown. We theorized that dispositional gratitude might play a role. Thus, we tested the longitudinal mediational effects of gratitude in the link between materialism and need satisfaction/frustration, using a three-wave longitudinal design over six months among a large sample of Chilean adults (N = 1841). Importantly, we used the two most established materialism scales: the Aspiration Index (AI) and the Material Values Scale (MVS). Results showed consistently (using either the AI or the MVS) that higher materialism at Time 1 prospectively predicts lower gratitude at Time 2, which in turn prospectively predicts lower need satisfaction and higher need frustration at Time 3. Our results extend SDT and gratitude research in important ways. First, we found a theoretically sound mechanism that accounts for the materialism—basic psychological needs link. Second, expanding on previous research, we found that (a) materialism increases need frustration over time directly, but also through the mediation of gratitude; (b) gratitude decreases need frustration. Theoretical and practical implications are discussed.
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Notes
We use the full information maximum likelihood (FIML) estimation approach because this procedure would exceed traditional techniques with respect to parameter estimation bias, model fit and parameter estimation efficiency (Peters & Enders, 2002), and this technique allows us to use the 1841 participants in the estimation of the models independent of the missing data patterns in T2 and T3. In addition, this method shows unbiased, more efficient estimates compared to other methods: listwise deletion, pairwise deletion, and similar response patterns imputation (Enders & Bandalos, 2001). Finally, FIML generates a lower proportion of convergence failures (Enders & Bandalos, 2001).
We collected several other measures that are not relevant for the present research.
We provide the R2 for each outcome in Fig. 1.
All parameters reported in our paper are standardized.
A few studies have argued that the relationship between materialism and gratitude (e.g., Chaplin et al., 2018), as well as the association between gratitude and need satisfaction (e.g., Lee et al., 2015) might be backwards or bidirectional. Thus, for theoretical and methodological robustness, we tested a reverse model for both Model 1 and Model 2 (see the Supplementary Material). Importantly, none of the reverse models were supported by the data.
We provide the R2 for each outcome in Fig. 2.
Abbreviations
- AI:
-
Aspiration index
- BPNF:
-
Basic psychological need frustration
- BPNS:
-
Basic psychological need satisfaction
- BPNT:
-
Basic psychological needs theory
- GCT:
-
Goal content theory
- MVS:
-
Materialistic value scale
- SDT:
-
Self-determination theory
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VR thanks Agencia Nacional de Investigación y Desarrollo (ANID) for a grant received by the Chilean Ministry of Science, Technology and Innovation N°21180367. WU acknowledges a grant received by the Chilean Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Fondecyt de Iniciación) Project Nº 11160389 and thanks the Chilean Comisión Nacional de Investigación Científica y Tecnológica.
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The original idea, as well as the first drafts, were developed by VR as part of her PhD Thesis at the Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez. All authors listed here have made a substantial, direct and intellectual contribution to the final version of the manuscript. All of them wrote, read and revised the final paper and approved it for publication collaboratively.
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Reyes, V., Unanue, W., Gómez, M. et al. Dispositional Gratitude as an Underlying Psychological Process Between Materialism and the Satisfaction and Frustration of Basic Psychological Needs: A Longitudinal Mediational Analysis. J Happiness Stud 23, 561–586 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00414-0
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-021-00414-0