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Geochemical characterization and the assessment of trace element retention in sediments of the Reconquista River, Argentina

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Abstract

The mineralogical and geochemical characterization of sediments of the Reconquista River allows analyzing the geochemical partition of trace elements in one of the most polluted water courses of Argentina. The low dissolved oxygen and high ammonia contents, together with the high chemical oxygen demand, attest to the poor water quality. Ammonia, Cd and Cu content in surficial water exceeds the maximum guidelines for freshwater in Argentina. The recent sediments of the uppermost bed are enriched in organic matter (OM), sulfur, Zn, Cu and Pb. The enrichment factor is moderate, and the geoaccumulation index (Igeo) for Cu and Pb indicates uncontaminated to moderately contaminated sediments. The positive and significant correlation between As, Cr, Pb and Zn with the iron content suggests that their retention is controlled by the amount of iron oxy (hydr)oxides in the sediments, probably combined with the silt + clay abundance. In comparison with its tributary, the Las Catonas Stream, the Reconquista River, has less OM and trace elements in the sediments and more dissolved trace elements in the interstitial water. We interpret that OM is the main sorbent of the trace element. In the absence of OM, the iron oxy (hydr)oxides and the silt + clay fraction are a less efficient substitute. Consequently, the interstitial waters of the Reconquista River are enriched in these elements. Therefore, minor changes in the environmental conditions may generate significant release of hazardous trace elements from the sediments to the interstitial water and, in turn, to the surficial water of the river. As most of the big cities and the agricultural activities of Argentina are developed on the loessic substrate, the understanding of its interaction with polluted waters is crucial.

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Acknowledgements

The authors acknowledge the financial support of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET; PUE 2555/16), Ministerio de Educación de la Nación (SPU 165-2014) and Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA; UBACyT 20020130100591BA). The authors would also like to thank Carlos E. Alli and Laura B. Villalba (SENASA) for helping in AAS trace element determination in water samples; Héctor Villar and GeoLab Sur for the TOC determination in sediments samples; Marcelo J. Toledo for his assistance in the stratigraphic characterization of the Pleistocene-Holocene sediments; Germán Segado and his team from the Municipalidad de Moreno of Provincia de Buenos Aires for their logistic support; “Río Reconquista” Project members for their collaboration in water and sediments sampling.

Funding

This work was made with the financial support of the Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET; PUE 2555/16), Ministerio de Educación de la Nación (SPU 165-2014) and Universidad de Buenos Aires (UBA; UBACyT 20020130100591BA).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Instituto de Geociencias Básicas, Aplicadas y Ambientales de Buenos Aires (IGEBA), CONICET- Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón II 1er Piso, Int. Guiraldes 2160, C1428EHA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Cecilia Gisela Cantera & Roberto Adrián Scasso

  2. Instituto de Investigación e Ingeniería Ambiental (3iA), Universidad Nacional de San Martín, Campus Miguelete, 25 de Mayo y Francia, San Martín 1650, Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Ana Elisabeth Tufo

  3. Departamento de Ciencias Geológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón II 1er Piso, Int. Guiraldes 2160, C1428EHA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Roberto Adrián Scasso

  4. Departamento de Química Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales, Instituto de Química Física de los Materiales, Medio Ambiente y Energía (INQUIMAE), CONICET-Universidad de Buenos Aires, Ciudad Universitaria Pabellón II 3er Piso, Universidad de Buenos Aires, Int. Guiraldes 2160, C1428EHA, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina

    Maria dos Santos Afonso

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  1. Cecilia Gisela Cantera
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CGC, RAS and MdSA designed research; CGC, AET and RAS performed research; CGC, AET, RAS and MdSA analyzed and interpreted data; and CGC, AET, RAS and MdSA wrote the paper and revised the manuscript critically.

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Correspondence to Maria dos Santos Afonso.

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Cantera, C.G., Tufo, A.E., Scasso, R.A. et al. Geochemical characterization and the assessment of trace element retention in sediments of the Reconquista River, Argentina. Environ Geochem Health 44, 729–747 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-021-00970-7

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