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Guilds, Immigration, and Immigrant Economic Organization: Alien Goldsmiths in London, 1480–1540

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 May 2021

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Abstract

Immigration was essential to trades reliant on fashion and high skill in London around the turn of the sixteenth century. This article explores the patterns of migration to the city by continental goldsmiths between 1480 and 1540 and the structure of the communities they formed. It argues that attitudes to migration within the London Goldsmiths’ Company, which governed the trade, were complex and shifted in response to evolving national legislation. A social network analysis of the relationships between alien masters and servants indicates how the alien community changed and adapted. Taking a view across the traditional late medieval and early modern period boundary allows for a deeper understanding of how attitudes to migration and to migrant communities changed as London's population began to grow.

Type
Original Manuscript
Information
Journal of British Studies , Volume 60 , Issue 3 , July 2021 , pp. 534 - 562
Copyright
Copyright © The Author(s), published by Cambridge University Press on behalf of the North American Conference on British Studies

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References

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56 Tait, “London Huguenot Silver,” 90–91.

57 Davies, “Aliens, Crafts and Guilds,” 138–47; Archer, “Responses to Alien Immigrants,” 169.

58 Reddaway, T. F. and Walker, Lorna E. M., The Early History of the Goldsmiths’ Company, 1327–1509 (London, 1975), 128Google Scholar.

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61 See the map of European and Mediterranean trade routes in Richardson, introduction, Locating Renaissance Art, 12–13.

62 Sicca, Cinzia M., “Consumption and Trade of Art between Italy and England in the First Half of the Sixteenth Century: The London House of the Bardi and Cavalcanti Company,” Renaissance Studies 16, no. 2 (2002): 163–201CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Thurley, Simon, The Royal Palaces of Tudor England: Architecture and Court Life, 1460–1547 (New Haven, 1993), 85–111Google Scholar; Philippa Glanville, “Cardinal Wolsey and the Goldsmiths,” in Cardinal Wolsey: Church, State and Art, ed. Steven J. Gunn and P. G. Lindley (Cambridge, 1991), 131–48, at 148. On the import of new designs and techniques in stained glass and architecture, see Mary Bryan H. Curd, Flemish and Dutch Artists in Early Modern England: Collaboration and Competition, 1460–1680 (Farnham, 2010).

63 Carl Hernmarck, The Art of the European Silversmith, 1430–1830, vol. 1, Text (London, 1977), 23–24, 31.

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67 Aristotle, The Nicomachean Ethics, trans. J. A. K. Thomson, rev. Hugh Tredennick (London, 2004), 82–85; Campbell, Thomas P., Henry VIII and the Art of Majesty: Tapestries at the Tudor Court (New Haven, 2007), 52–53, 68Google Scholar.

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69 Wardens’ Accounts and Court Minutes (hereafter WACM), Bk. D, pp. 306–8, GC.

70 Luu, Immigrants and the Industries of London, 242–43.

71 Reddaway and Walker, Early History of the Goldsmiths, 126–31.

72 WACM, Bk. B, pp. 277, 302–5, 311, GC.

73 Luu, Immigrants and the Industries of London, 235.

74 WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, pp. 393–96, GC.

75 WACM, Bk. C, p. 131, GC.

76 Luu, Immigrants and the Industries of London, 235; David M. Mitchell, Silversmiths in Elizabethan and Stuart London: Their Lives and Their Marks (Woodbridge, 2017), 52.

77 Ordinances approved by the king's council, 1514, Second Book of Ordinances, fol. 9v, GC.

78 WACM, Bk. D, p. 131, GC.

79 WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, p. 310, GC.

80 For example, see the elections of 1510, 1518, and 1528. WACM, Bk. C, pp. 31, 43, GC; WACM Bk. D, p. 250, GC.

81 WACM, Bk. F, p. 67, GC.

82 Esser, “They Obey All Magistrates.”

83 Schulz, “Handwerkerwanderungen,” 448–62.

84 Ordinances approved by the king's council, 1514, Second Book of Ordinances, fol. 9, GC.

85 For a recent reflection on the importance of and means of developing trust over long distances in the Middle Ages, see Ian Forrest and Anne Haour, “Trust in Long-Distance Relationships, 1000–1600 CE,” in “The Global Middle Ages,” ed. Catherine Holmes and Naomi Standen, supplement, Past and Present 238, no. S13 (2018): 190–213.

86 Ordinances approved by the king's council, 1514, Second Book of Ordinances, fol. 9, GC.

87 See Ordinance C.21, “Appendix I: The Book of Ordinances,” in Reddaway and Walker, Early History of the Goldsmiths, 234.

88 WACM, Bk. C, pp. 168–69, GC.

89 Luu, Immigrants and the Industries of London, 224–25.

90 Glanville, Silver in England, 123–30.

91 Mitchell, Silversmiths in Elizabethan and Stuart London, 24–25.

92 Excluded are a small number of migrants from Scotland (two), Spain (three), Portugal (one), and Denmark (one) because no settlement of origin was recorded for them; also excluded are four of the eleven from Ireland and ten of the forty-two described as “Frenchman.”

93 Bolton, “The Alien Population of London,” 29.

94 Luu, Immigrants and the Industries of London, 231; Clark, Peter, European Cities and Towns, 400–2000 (Oxford, 2009), 111Google Scholar.

95 Ormrod, Lambert, and Mackman, Immigrant England, 139–41; Lambert and Pajic, “Immigration and the Common Profit,” 637–39.

96 WACM, Bk. C, pp. 200, 203, GC.

97 WACM, Bk. C, p. 169, GC.

98 Christopher Edgar Challis, The Tudor Coinage (Manchester, 1978), 36.

99 WACM, Bk. D, p. 73, GC.

100 WACM, Bk. C, pp. 130, 180, GC

101 Pierres Boullengier of Paris brought a testimonial in 1516, “made by Jaques de Lannay and Nicholas de Tamenay notoryes to the Frensh Kyng wretyn in the Castell of Parice.” WACM, Bk. C, p. 202, GC. Guynyot Corderot of Dijon brought a testimonial under the King of France's seal signed by Peter Clemens, notary public, in 1515. WACM, Bk. C, p. 188, GC.

102 McSheffrey, Seeking Sanctuary, 21–23.

103 Peter Clark and Denis Menjot, introduction to Subaltern City? Alternative and Peripheral Spaces in the Pre-modern Period (13th to 18th Centuries), ed. Peter Clark and Denis Menjot (Turnhout, 2019), 9–22; Alsayyad, Nezar and Roy, Ananya, “Medieval Modernity: On Citizenship and Urbanism in a Global Era,” Space and Polity 10, no. 1 (2006): 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar.

104 On the development of liberties and their increasing use in the later fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, see McSheffrey, Seeking Sanctuary.

105 WACM, Bk. E, pp. 42, 95, 105, 112, GC.

106 McSheffrey, Seeking Sanctuary, 117–19.

107 McSheffrey, 126–29; McSheffrey, “Stranger Artisans,” 556–61.

108 McSheffrey, Seeking Sanctuary, 136–39; Statutes of the Realm, 21 Hen. 8, c. 16.

109 Second Book of Ordinances, fols. 23–28v, GC; Reddaway and Walker, Early History of the Goldsmiths, 167, 194–95.

110 WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, p. 216, GC.

111 WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, pp. 437, 506, GC.

112 McSheffrey, Seeking Sanctuary, 129.

113 St. Martin le Grand Accounts, MS 13318, Westminster Abbey Muniments. The six identifiable goldsmiths (either through naming of their occupation in the rental or through corroboration with Goldsmiths’ Company records) were Albert Gonerson, Pierre Boullangier, Philip Violett, Miles Howbright (or Hubberd), Roger Farling, and Thomas Beme.

114 WACM, Book A, vol. 2, p. 506, GC.

115 Statutes of the Realm, 14 Hen. 8, c. 2.

116 Ormrod, Lambert, and Mackman, Immigrant England, 24–29.

117 Statutes of the Realm, 21 Hen. 8, c. 16.

118 WACM, Bk. D, p. 280, GC.

119 See WACM, Bk. D, pp. 273–89, 302–31, GC.

120 “Repertory of the Court of Aldermen no. 8, 1528–33,” COL/CA/01/01/008, fol. 59, London Metropolitan Archives.

121 WACM, Bk. D, pp. 276–77, GC.

122 Up until the election of 1535, the “choosers” of the assistants who elected the wardens are described as being the strangers together with the “young men out of the livery.” WACM, Bk. F, p. 82, GC. From 1536, only the young men are noted; see WACM, Bk. F, p. 13, GC.

123 WACM, Bk. F, pp. 29–30, GC.

124 WACM, Bk. E, p. 48, GC.

125 WACM, Bk. E, pp. 79, 81, GC.

126 Cooper, John K. D., “A Re-assessment of Some English Late Gothic and Early ‘Renaissance’ Plate-II,” Burlington Magazine 119, no. 892 (1977): 475–77Google Scholar, at 476; “Thomas Cromwell's Accounts, 1537,” no. 782, Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII: Preserved in the Public Record Office, the British Museum, and Elsewhere, vol. 14, part 2, ed. James Gairdner and R. H. Brodie (London, 1895).

127 WACM, Bk. D, p. 291, GC.

128 WACM, Bk. F, pp. 41–42, GC.

129 WACM, Bk. F, pp. 61–62, GC.

130 Riley, H. T., Liber Albus: The White Book of the City of London, Compiled A.D. 1419 by John Carpenter, Common Clerk, Richard Whitington, Mayor (London, 1861), 237Google Scholar.

131 Susan Foister and Tim Batchelor, Holbein in England (London, 2006), 66.

132 Ormrod, Lambert, and Mackman, Immigrant England, 26–27.

133 WACM, Bk. F, pp. 60, 63, 73, GC.

134 “Cornelius Hays,” England's Immigrants, 1330–1550: Resident Aliens in the Late Middle Ages, accessed 27 November 2018, https://www.englandsimmigrants.com/person/29042.

135 “Journal of the Court of Common Council, no. 13, 1527–36,” COL/CC/01/01/013, fols. 124–26, London Metropolitan Archives; “Repertory of the Court of Aldermen, no. 8, 1528–33,” COL/CA/01/01/008, fols. 22v, 26, London Metropolitan Archives.

136 WACM, Bk. F, pp. 53, 157, GC.

137 WACM, Bk. G, p. 33, GC.

138 For a recent reflection on the value of social network analysis in history, see Claire Lemercier, “Formal Network Methods in History: Why and How?,” in Social Networks, Political Institutions, and Rural Societies, ed. Georg Fertig (Turnhout, 2015), 281–310. Justin Colson has used social network analysis to explore the structure of the London Fishmongers’ Company in the fifteenth century; see “London's Forgotten Company? Fishmongers: Their Trade and Their Networks in Later Medieval London,” in The Medieval Merchant: Proceedings of the 2012 Harlaxton Symposium, ed. Caroline Mary Barron and Anne F. Sutton (Donington, Lincs, 2014), 20–40.

139 Lutkin, “Settled or Fleeting?,” 153–54; Luu, Immigrants and the Industries of London, 112–14.

140 WACM, Bk. C, p. 81, GC.

141 “Deposition Book of the London Consistory Court, 1510–16,” DL/C/0206, fols. 325v–26, London Metropolitan Archives.

142 WACM, Bk. F, p. 180, GC.

143 WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, p. 415, GC.

144 WACM, Bk. C, p. 162, GC; WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, pp. 497, GC.

145 “Indictment of John Maydman for the murder of Paul Bugderem, 6 June 1517,” The National Archives (hereafter TNA), KB 9/474, m. 61.

146 See reference to him as “John Aleyn, alias John Brabander,” in WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, pp. 393–96, GC.

147 WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, pp. 311, 354, GC.

148 WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, p. 412, 354, GC.

149 WACM, Bk. F, pp. 41–2, 44, GC.

150 WACM, Bk. F, p. 73, GC.

151 Challis, Tudor Coinage, 36.

152 WACM, Bk. C, pp. 89, 164, GC; WACM, Bk. D, p. 42, GC.

153 WACM, Bk. D, p. 117, GC.

154 Luu, Immigrants and the Industries of London, 234–35.

155 Brussell and Hayes are discussed above. John Arnold, Henry Baase (or Baace) and John van Delf were suppliers to Henry VII featured in his Chamber Accounts; see TNA, E 101/415/3; TNA, E 36/214; British Library, Add. MS 21481. This material can be accessed via The Chamber Books of Henry VII and Henry VIII, 1485–1521, ed. M. M. Condon et al., accessed 23 April 2019, https://www.dhi.ac.uk/chamber-books/manuscripts.

156 WACM, Bk. B, p. 408, GC.

157 TNA, E 36/214, fols. 63, 74v; BL, Add. MS 7099, fol. 65. Both references were accessed through The Chamber Books of Henry VII and Henry VIII, http://www.dhi.ac.uk/chamber-books/manuscripts.

158 There is little direct evidence for this in the immigrant community, but similar practices were apparent among English artisan and mercantile women. Hanawalt, Barbara A., The Wealth of Wives: Women, Law, and Economy in Late Medieval London (Oxford, 2007), chap. 8Google Scholar.

159 Wethers rode to meet Queen Anne of Cleves as one of the king's servants in 1540. WACM, Bk. F, pp. 165–66, GC. Trappes supplied the crown in the mid-1530s. “The King's New Year's Gifts, 20 January 1533/4,” Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII, vol. 7, ed. James Gairdner (London, 1883), no. 91; “The King's Debts, 1536,” no. 1419, Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII, vol. 11, ed. James Gairdner (London, 1888).

160 Reddaway and Walker, Early History of the Goldsmiths, 211.

161 WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, p. 415, GC; WACM, Bk. D, pp. 198, 262, 264, 266, GC; WACM, Bk. F, p. 141, GC.

162 Luu, Immigrants and the Industries of London, 236.

163 “Robert Amadas's Accounts, 2 March 1528/9,” no. 5341, Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII, vol. 4, ed. J. S. Brewer (London, 1875).

164 WACM, Bk. C, pp. 184, 200, GC; WACM, Bk. D, pp. 10, 47, 82, 114, 138, 198, 210, 270, GC.

165 For example, see “Thomas Cromwell's Accounts, 28 June 1534,” no. 717, and “Payments, 29 October 1533,” no. 1367, Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII, vol. 6, ed. James Gairdner (London, 1882); “The King's New Year's Gifts, 20 January 1533/4,” no. 91, and “Diets of Ambassadors, 31 January 1533/4,” no. 137, Letters and Papers, Foreign and Domestic of the Reign of Henry VIII.

166 Glanville, Philippa, “Robert Amadas, Goldsmith: Court Jeweller to King Henry VIII,” Proceedings of the Silver Society 3, no. 5 (1986): 111Google Scholar.

167 WACM, Bk. E, p. 90, GC.

168 WACM, Bk. A, vol. 2, p. 408, GC.

169 WACM, Bk. E, p. 79, GC.

170 WACM, Bk. F, p. 43, GC.

171 WACM, Bk. F, pp. 140, 142, GC.

172 WACM, Bk. F, p. 141, GC.

173 WACM, Bk. G, pp. 30–33, GC.

174 Ormrod, Lambert, and Mackman, Immigrant England, 195–98.

175 Prak, Citizens without Nations, 97–100; De Meester, “Migrant Workers and Illicit Labour,” 26–27.

176 Esser, “They Obey All Magistrates.”