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The Water Resisting Properties of the Top Portion of the Ordovician Limestone Aquifer in the North China Coalfield

Die Wasserdurchlässigkeit des oberen Teils des ordovizischen Kalkstein-Aquifers im nordchinesischen Kohlefeld

Las propiedades de resistencia al agua de la parte superior del acuífero de caliza del Ordovícico en la cuenca carbonífera del norte de China

华北煤田奥陶系顶部灰岩含水层的阻水性能

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Abstract

Coal mining in North China is widely threatened by underlying Ordovician karstic limestone groundwater. This study focused on the top portion of the Ordovician limestone and its water resisting properties at a mine in North China, where the total thickness of the Ordovician limestone ranges between 300 and 1600 m. A packer pump test showed the average permeability coefficient for the top portion of the limestone to be 0.57 × 10–3 m/day; laboratory tests showed that the strength of this segment was 175 Mpa. Meanwhile, the water pressure was 0 Mpa for the top 40 m of the aquifer, and only 6.7 × 10–3 Mpa for the top 41–46 m; it increased considerably between 46 and 55 m, to an average value of 0.47 Mpa, and remained stable after 55 m, with a water pressure of 0.71 Mpa. The top of the Ordovician limestone was therefore divided into weathered, transition, and karst fracture zones. Each zone has different hydrogeological characteristics (water pressure, permeability, and drilling fluid leakage). The thickness of the weathered zone was determined to be ≈ 20–70 m in most of the study area. Overall, the water resistance of the top portion of the Ordovician strata allows it to be treated as an aquifuge, preventing Ordovician groundwater from flowing into the mining face.

Zusammenfassung

Der Kohlebergbau in Nordchina ist in hohem Maße durch das Grundwasser des darunter liegenden Ordovizium-Karstkalkes bedroht. Diese Studie konzentrierte sich auf den oberen Teil des ordovizischen Kalksteins und seine wasserresistenten Eigenschaften in einem Bergwerk in Nordchina, wo die Gesamtdicke des ordovizischen Kalksteins zwischen 300–1600 m liegt. Ein Packer-Pumpenversuch ergab für den oberen Teil des Kalksteins einen durchschnittlichen Durchlässigkeitskoeffizienten von 0,57 × 10–3 m/d; Labortests zeigten, dass die Festigkeit dieses Segments 175 Mpa betrug. Währenddessen betrug der Wasserdruck für die obersten 40 m des Aquifers 0 Mpa und nur 6,7 × 10–3 Mpa für die obersten 41–46 m; er stieg zwischen 46 und 55 m beträchtlich an, auf einen Durchschnittswert von 0,47 Mpa, und blieb nach 55 m stabil, mit einem Wasserdruck von 0,71 Mpa. Die Oberseite des ordovizischen Kalksteins wurde daher in Verwitterungs-, Übergangs- und Karstbruchzonen unterteilt. Jede Zone hat unterschiedliche hydrogeologische Eigenschaften (Wasserdruck, Durchlässigkeit und Bohrspülungsleckage). Die Mächtigkeit der verwitterten Zone wurde im größten Teil des Untersuchungsgebietes mit ≈20–70 m bestimmt. Insgesamt erlaubt es der Wasserwiderstand des oberen Teils der ordovizischen Schichten, ihn als Stauer zu behandeln, wodurch verhindert wird, dass ordovizisches Grundwasser in die Abbaufront fließt.

Resumen

La minería del carbón en el norte de China está en permanente riesgo debido a las aguas subterráneas de la caliza kárstica del Ordovícico subyacente. Este estudio se centró en la parte superior de la caliza del Ordovícico y en sus propiedades de resistencia al agua en una mina del norte de China, donde el espesor total de la caliza del Ordovícico oscila entre 300 y 1600 m. Una prueba de bombeo demostró que el coeficiente de permeabilidad medio de la parte superior de la caliza era de 0,57 × 10–3 m/d; las pruebas de laboratorio mostraron que la resistencia de este segmento era de 175 Mpa. La presión del agua era 0 Mpa en los 40 m superiores del acuífero y sólo de 6,7 × 10–3 Mpa en la zona entre 41 y 46 m superiores; luego aumentó considerablemente entre 46 y 55 m, con un valor medio de 0,47 Mpa, y se mantuvo estable en una presión del agua de 0,71 Mpa después de 55 m. La parte superior de la caliza del Ordovícico se dividió en zonas meteorizadas, de transición y de fractura kárstica. Cada zona tiene características hidrogeológicas diferentes (presión del agua, permeabilidad y fuga de fluido de perforación). Se determinó que el espesor de la zona meteorizada era de ≈ 20–70 m en la mayor parte del área de estudio. En general, la resistencia al agua de la parte superior de los estratos del Ordovícico permite tratarla como un acuífugo, impidiendo que el agua subterránea del Ordovícico fluya hacia la cara de explotación.

概括

中国华北煤炭开采普遍受下伏奥陶系岩溶地下水威胁。详细研究了华北一个煤矿的奥陶系顶部灰岩段及其阻水性能, 研究区奥陶系灰岩总厚300 ~ 1600 m。分层抽水试验显示奥灰顶部平均渗透系数0.57 × 10–3 m/d, 该层段岩样的室内测试力学强度175 MPa。然而, 灰岩含水层顶部40 m层段的水压0 MPa, 顶部41 ~ 46 m的水压也仅6.7 × 10–3 MPa, 顶部46 ~ 55 m之间的水压显著增加至平均0.47 MPa, 顶部55 m以下的水压稳定于0.71 MPa。因此, 奥陶系顶部灰岩可分为风化带、过渡带和岩溶裂系带, 每个带具有不同的水文地质特征 (水压、渗透性和钻井液漏失特征) 。确定研究区的奥陶系顶部风化带厚度多在20 ~ 70 m 之间。总体而言, 奥陶系顶部灰岩阻水性能使其可以作为隔水层, 防止奥陶纪灰岩岩溶地下水涌入采矿工作面。

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Acknowledgements

This work was financially supported by the Chinese 13th Five-Year Key Research and Development Program (2017YFC0804102), Science and Technology Innovation Fund of Xi’an Research Institute of CCTEG (2018XAYZD11).

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Correspondence to Hao Wang or Rui Chai.

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Wang, H., Dong, S., Chai, R. et al. The Water Resisting Properties of the Top Portion of the Ordovician Limestone Aquifer in the North China Coalfield. Mine Water Environ 40, 690–700 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10230-021-00783-1

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