Abstract
Cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and microsatellite markers were used to evaluate the genetic structure, connectivity, and evolutionary history of white mullet (Mugil curema), along locations in the Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico (GoM), and Pacific coasts. DNA sequences of 125 COI were obtained and identified as Mugil curema with 100% identification and coverage. COI sequences resulted in the formation of two haplogroups, one in the GoM along with a location in Oaxaca named Huave System (HU), belonging to the Pacific coast, and another one in Mexican Pacific (MP, with exception of the former). The evolutionary history of both haplogroups concur with the closure of the Isthmus of Panama (1.5 My). The MP haplogroup showed a subdivision in a northern group and a southern group, with a separation of 0.4 My that could be the result of a combination of Pleistocene factors and oceanographic changes following the closure of the Isthmus of Panama. Furthermore, microsatellites result also revealed that the GoM/HU haplogroup has larger genetic distances with other samples from the MP than with those of the GoM; this result was confirmed with the individual allocation analysis. The presence of Huave System mullets within the GoM lineage may be due to the confinement of individuals in this locality, that have retained ancestral polymorphisms of the GoM sister lineage, or to a recent connection. The genetic similarity of fish populations in both coasts of Mexico is a completely new report on a species that recently connected the Pacific and Atlantic coasts.
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Acknowledgements
Many thanks to the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department, USA, to Mark Fisher (Science Director), Norman Boyd (San Antonio Bay Ecosystem Leader) and James Simons (A & M Texas University) who collected the Mugil curema samples from Texas. We thank the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission’s Fisheries-Independent Monitoring program for the samples from Florida. The authors are grateful to Xavier Chiappa, Maribel Badillo, Fernando Mex and Alfredo Gallardo (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), Juan Juárez and Ángel Romero (El Colegio de la Frontera Sur), Elaine Espino (Centro Regional de Investigación Pesquera) and Pedro Cervantes (Universidad del Mar) who helped in the Mexican collections.
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This study is part of the fellowships (7176623 and 248855) that was granted to the first and second authors through the Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología. The study was funded by Grants from the Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana and Secretaría de Educación Pública-Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología under the Ciencia Básica Project number: 2011-01-165569.
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AHCL and PAE performed the laboratory work and data analysis and participated in the design of the study together with GCML, VAJA, SDA, RSH and IAL, data collection was carried out by PAE and IAL, manuscript translation by RSH, all authors participated in the writing process.
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The work was done following all ethics requirements from the Secretaría de Agricultura, Ganadería, Desarrollo Rural, Pesca y Alimentación. White mullets were collected under the Official Mexican Norm (NOM-016 PESC-1994) for commercial species. In the USA, there is no law for striped mullets capture, however, fish were euthanized humanely by being placed directly into an ice water bath upon capture.
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Ávila-Herrera, C.L., Pacheco-Almanzar, E., Guevara-Chumacero, L.M. et al. Past and recent connectivity of white mullet between the Gulf of Mexico and the Mexican Pacific inferred through sequences of the gene cytochrome c oxidase I and microsatellites. Mar Biol 168, 95 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03907-x
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00227-021-03907-x