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The petrology of a hazardous volcano: Calbuco (Central Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile)

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Abstract

The recurrent explosive eruptions of Calbuco (Andean Southern Volcanic Zone (SVZ)) threat a rapidly expanding touristic and economic region of Chile. Providing tighter constraints on its magmatic system is therefore important for better monitoring its activity. Calbuco is also distinguished by hornblende-bearing assemblages that contrast with the anhydrous parageneses of most Central SVZ volcanoes. Here we build on previous work to propose a detailed petrological model of the magmatic system beneath Calbuco. Geochemical data acquired on a hundred samples collected in the four units of the volcano show no secular compositional change indicating a steady magmatic system since ~ 300 ka. A tholeiitic Al2O3-rich (20 wt. %) basalt (Mg# = 0.59) is the parent magma of a differentiation trend straddling the tholeiitic/calc-alkaline fields and displaying a narrow compositional Daly gap. Amphibole crystallization was enabled by the higher H2O content of the basalt (3–3.5 wt. % H2O at 50 wt. % SiO2) compared to neighboring volcanoes. This characteristic is inherited from the primary mantle melt and possibly results from a lower degree of partial melting induced by the mantle wedge thermal structure. Although macrocrysts are not all in chemical equilibrium with their host rocks and were thus presumably unlocked from the zoned crystal mush and transported in the carrier melt, the bulk-rock trend follows both experimental liquid lines of descent and the chemical trend of calculated melts in equilibrium with amphibole (AEMs). These contradictory observations can be reconciled if minerals are transported in near cotectic proportions. The AEMs overlap the Daly gap revealing that the missing liquid compositions were present in the storage region. Geothermobarometers all indicate that the chemical diversity from basalt to dacite was acquired at a shallow depth (210–460 MPa). We suggest that differentiation from the primary magma to the parental basalt took place either in the same storage region or at the MOHO.

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Acknowledgements

Luis Lara is greatly thanked for his help in the organization of the fieldwork. Pia Plese participated to the 2016 fieldwork. This research was supported by FNRS Grants CDR J.00066.14, PDR T.0079.18 to JVDA. ON acknowledges support from the FWO through an Odysseus grant. We thank our reviewers for providing constructive comments that improved this work.

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  1. Département de Géologie, Université de Liège, 4000, Liège, Belgium

    Jacqueline Vander Auwera, Salvatrice Montalbano, Olivier Namur, Tonin Bechon & Olivier Bolle

  2. Institute of Mineralogy, Leibniz Universität Hannover, 30167, Hannover, Germany

    Olivier Namur

  3. Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Leuven, 3001, Leuven, Belgium

    Olivier Namur

  4. Laboratoire Magmas et Volcans, Université Clermont Auvergne, Clermont-Ferrand, France

    Pierre Schiano & Jean-Luc Devidal

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  1. Jacqueline Vander Auwera
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Correspondence to Jacqueline Vander Auwera.

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Vander Auwera, J., Montalbano, S., Namur, O. et al. The petrology of a hazardous volcano: Calbuco (Central Southern Volcanic Zone, Chile). Contrib Mineral Petrol 176, 46 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00410-021-01803-7

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