Skip to main content

Advertisement

SpringerLink
Log in

An Update of the Geographic Distribution of the Red-Mantled Saddle-Back Tamarin, Leontocebus lagonotus (Callitrichidae), in Ecuador

  • Published:
International Journal of Primatology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

Understanding the geographic distributions of primates is necessary to ensure effective conservation strategies. Nonetheless, many gaps persist in information regarding the range limits of platyrrhines. Leontocebus lagonotus is no exception; it is one of the least studied primates in Ecuador and its geographic limits are poorly known. We obtained 296 records of its presence in Ecuador from field studies (between 1996 and 2020), museums, the literature, and databases. Of these, we validated 211 records and used 106 (excluding grouped points) to determine the potential distribution of this species using an ecological niche model (MaxEnt). The model suggested that the species’ distribution in Ecuador covers 64,028 km2. Based on confirmed data, the extent of occurrence was 38,226 km2, but after updating it with layers of remaining vegetation (2018), we determined that the current distribution is 32,643 km2 (a 15% reduction). Our findings reduce the range proposed for the species in Ecuador, suggesting that areas north of the Napo River, the north-central area of Yasuní National Park, and the far eastern part of Waorani Ethnic Reserve were never part of the species’ range. We also identified the southern boundaries of its distribution, where the Paute-Upano and Cangaime-Morona rivers form a natural barrier. Its distribution in Peru possibly reaches the south of the Morona and Santiago rivers. We recommend a similar approach for other platyrrhines, particularly those under threat, for better implementation of conservation efforts.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4
Fig. 5

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  • Aiello-Lammens, M. E., Boria, R. A., Radosavljevic, A., Vilela, B., & Anderson, R. P. (2015). spThin: An R package for spatial thinning of species occurrence records for use in ecological niche models. Ecography, 38, 541–545. https://doi.org/10.1111/ecog.01132.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Albuja, L. (1994). Nuevos registros de Saguinus tripartitus en la Amazonía ecuatoriana. Neotropical Primates, 2(2), 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Albuja, L., Almendáriz, A., Barriga, R., Montalvo, L. D., Cáceres, F., & Román-Carrión, J. L. (2012). Fauna de vertebrados del Ecuador. Quito: Instituto de Ciencias Biológicas, Escuela Politécnica Nacional.

  • Albuja, L., & Arguero, A. (2011). Mamíferos. In L. Albuja (Ed.), Fauna de Guiyero, Parque Nacional Yasuní (pp. 28–63). Escuela Politécnica Nacional y EcoFondo.

  • Álvarez-Solas, S., De la Torre, S., & Tirira, D. G. (2018). Tamarín ensillado de dorso rojo Leontocebus lagonotus (Jiménez de la Espada, 1870). In D. G. Tirira, S. de la Torre, & G. Zapata Ríos (Eds.), Estado de conservación de los primates del Ecuador (pp. 32–39). Quito: Grupo de Estudio de Primates del Ecuador and Asociación Ecuatoriana de Mastozoología. Publicación Especial sobre los mamíferos del Ecuador 12.

  • Anderson, R. P., & Martínez-Meyer, E. (2004). Modeling species’ geographic distributions for preliminary conservation assessments: An implementation with the spiny pocket mice (Heteromys) of Ecuador. Biological Conservation, 116(2), 167–179. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0006-3207(03)00187-3.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Aquino, R., & Encarnación, F. (1994). Primates of Peru / Los primates del Perú. Primate Report, 40, 1–127.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquino, R., & Encarnación, F. (1996). Distribución geográfica de Saguinus tripartitus en la Amazonía del Perú. Neotropical Primates, 4(1), 1–4.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aquino, R., López, L., García, G., & Heymann, E. W. (2014). Diversity, abundance and habitats of the primates in the Río Curaray basin, Peruvian Amazonia. Primate Conservation, 28(1), 1–8. https://doi.org/10.1896/052.028.0103.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Araújo, M. B., Pearson, R. G., Thuiller, W., & Erhard, M. (2005). Validation of species-climate impact models under climate change. Global Change Biology, 11, 1504–1513. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01000.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baldwin, R., Scherzinger, R., Lipscomb, D., Mockrin, M., & Stein, S. (2014). Planning for land use and conservation: Assessing GIS-based conservation software for land use planning. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Rocky Mountain Research Station. https://doi.org/10.2737/RMRS-RN-70

  • Beaumont, L. J., Pitman, A. J., Poulsen, M., & Hughes, L. (2007). Where will species go? Incorporating new advances in climate modelling into projections of species distributions. Global Change Biology, 13, 1368–1385. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2007.01357.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Benítez-Malvido, J. (2008). Impact of forest fragmentation on seedling abundance in a tropical rain forest. Conservation Biology, 12(2), 380–389. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1523-1739.1998.96295.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boada, C. E. (2011). Apéndice 6: Lista de mamíferos de los Tepuyes de la cuenca alta del río Nangaritza, cordillera del Cóndor. In J. M. Guayasamín & E. Bonaccorso (Eds.), Evaluación Ecológica Rápida de la biodiversidad de los Tepuyes de la cuenca alta del río Nangaritza, cordillera del Cóndor, Ecuador (pp. 124–128). Quito: Conservación Internacional Ecuador, RAP Boletín de Evaluación Ecológica Rápida 58.

  • Brito, J., & Ojala-Barbour, R. (2016). Mamíferos no voladores del Parque Nacional Sangay, Ecuador. Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia, 56(5), 45–61. https://doi.org/10.11606/0031-1049.2016.56.05.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cabrera, Á. (1912). Catálogo metódico de las colecciones de mamíferos del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid. Trabajos del Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Madrid, 11(7), 1–147.

    Google Scholar 

  • Campos, F. A., & Jack, K. M. (2013). A potential distribution model and conservation plan for the critically endangered Ecuadorian Capuchin, Cebus albifrons aequatorialis. International Journal of Primatology, 34(5), 899–916. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-013-9704-x

  • Carrillo-Bilbao, G. A., & Martin-Solano, S. (2010). Estudio preliminar sobre la comunidad de primates en el Bosque Protector del Oglán Alto, Arajuno, Pastaza. Revista Ecuatoriana de Medicina y Ciencias Biológicas, 31(1–2), 79–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cervera, L., De la Torre, S., Zapata Ríos, G., Alfonso-Cortes, F., Álvarez-Solas, S., et al (2018). Working together towards one goal: Results of the first primate census in Western Ecuador. Primate Conservation, 32(1), 1–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chetan, N., Praveen, K. K., & Vasudeva, G. K. (2014). Delineating ecological boundaries of Hanuman langur species complex in Peninsular India using MaxEnt modeling approach. PLoS ONE, 9(2), e87804. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0087804.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Colwell, R. K. (2000). A barrier runs through it... or maybe just a river. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 97(25), 13470–13472. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.250497697.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • Cueva, R. (2005). Diagnóstico de los recursos naturales en el territorio de seis comunidades kichwas asentadas en la zona noroccidental del Parque Nacional Yasuní, río Napo, Orellana, Ecuador. In Conservación en áreas indígenas manejadas (pp. 1–68). Wildlife Conservation Society, USAID Ecuador.

  • De la Torre, S. (1996). Note on the distributions of the Ecuadorian Callitrichids. Neotropical Primates, 4(3), 88.

    Google Scholar 

  • De la Torre, S. (2000). Primates de la Amazonía Ecuatoriana / Primates of Amazonian Ecuador. Proyecto PETRAMAZ, SIMBIOE.

  • De la Torre, S. (2017). Distribution and demography of white-faced tamarins Leontocebus spp. in Amazonian Ecuador: Are they influenced by human activities? Biodiversidade Brasileira, 7(2), 133–144. https://doi.org/10.37002/biobrasil.v%25vi%25i.647.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dormann, C. F., Elith, J., Bacher, S., Buchmann, C., Carl, G., et al (2013). Collinearity: A review of methods to deal with it and a simulation study evaluating their performance. Ecography, 36, 27–46. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1600-0587.2012.07348.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Eisenberg, J. F., & Redford, K. H. (1999). Mammals of the Neotropics, Vol. 3: The Central Neotropics: Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Brazil. The University of Chicago Press.

  • Elith, J., Kearney, M., & Phillips, S. J. (2010). The art of modelling range-shifting species. Methods in Ecology and Evolution, 1(4), 330–342. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.2041-210x.2010.00036.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fordham, G., Shanee, S., & Peck, M. R. (2020). Effect of river size on Amazonian primate community structure: A biogeographic analysis using updated taxonomic assessments. American Journal of Primatology, 82(7), e23136. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.23136.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Franklin, J. (2013). Species distribution models in conservation biogeography: Developments and challenges. Diversity and Distributions, 19, 1217–1223. https://doi.org/10.1111/ddi.12125.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Freire, M. (1997). La cacería de mamíferos, aves, reptiles en una comunidad quichua y en destacamentos militares, Lorocachi, Pastaza, 1995-1996. Bachelor’s thesis, Universidad del Azuay, Cuenca, Ecuador.

  • Garbino, G. S. T., & Martins-Junior, A. M. G. (2018). Phenotypic evolution in marmoset and tamarin monkeys (Cebidae, Callitrichinae) and a revised genus-level classification. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution, 118, 156–171. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ympev.2017.10.002.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • GBIF. (2020). GBIF occurrence download. Global Biodiversity Information Facility. https://www.gbif.org/ (accessed March 1, 2020).

  • Giovanelli, J. G. R., Siqueira, M. F., Haddad, C. F. B., & Alexandrino, J. (2010). Modeling a spatially restricted distribution in the Neotropics: How the size of calibration area affects the performance of five presence-only methods. Ecological Modelling, 221, 215–224. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2009.10.009.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Groves, C. P. (2005). Order Primates. In D. E. Wilson & D. M. Reeder (Eds.), Mammal species of the World, a taxonomic and geographic reference (3rd ed., pp. 111–184). The Johns Hopkins University Press.

  • Henao-Díaz, F., Olaya-Rodríguez, M. E., Noguera-Urbano, E. A., & Gutiérrez, C. (2020). Atlas de la biodiversidad de Colombia: Primates. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.

  • Hershkovitz, P. (1977). Living New World monkeys (Platyrrhini), with an introduction to primates (Vol. 1). The University of Chicago Press.

  • Hijmans, R. J., Cameron, S. E., Parra, J. L., Jones, P. G., & Jarvis, A. (2005). Very high resolution interpolated climate surfaces for global land areas. International Journal of Climatology, 25(15), 1965–1978. https://doi.org/10.1002/joc.1276.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • IGM (1997). Ecuador: Cartografía 1:250.000. Instituto Geográfico Militar.

  • IGM. (2013). Geoportal Ecuador. Cartografía de libre acceso escala 50k. Instituto Geográfico Militar. http://www.geoportaligm.gob.ec/portal/index.php/cartografia-de-libre-acceso-escala-50k/ (accessed December 30, 2019).

  • iNaturalist. (2020). iNaturalist. https://www.inaturalist.org/ (accessed February 28, 2020).

  • Ingberman, B., Fusco-Costa, R., & Monteiro-Filho, E. L. (2016). A current perspective on the historical geographic distribution of the endangered muriquis (Brachyteles spp.): Implications for conservation. PLoS ONE, 11(3), e0150906. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0150906.

    Article  CAS  PubMed  PubMed Central  Google Scholar 

  • ITTO, Fundación Natura, & CI (2005). Paz y conservación binacional en la cordillera del Cóndor Ecuador-Perú. Organización Internacional de Maderas Tropicales, Fundación Natura, Conservación Internacional.

  • IUCN. (2012). IUCN Red List categories and criteria. Version 3.1 (2nd ed.). Gland, Switzerland, and Cambridge, UK: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources.

  • IUCN. (2020). The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2020.2. International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. https://www.iucnredlist.org/ (accessed July 15, 2020).

  • Jarvis, A., Reuter, H., Nelson, A., & Guevara, E. (2018). SRTM 90m DEM Digital Elevation Database. Consortium for Spatial Information (CGIAR-CSI). http://srtm.csi.cgiar.org (accessed April 30, 2020).

  • Jiménez de la Espada, M. (1870). Algunos datos nuevos ó curiosos acerca de la fauna del alto Amazonas (mamíferos). Boletín-Revista de la Universidad de Madrid, 2, 1–27.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jones, K. E., Bielby, J., Cardillo, M., Fritz, S. A., O’Dell, J., et al (2009). PanTHERIA: A species-level database of life history, ecology, and geography of extant and recently extinct mammals. Ecology, 90, 2648. https://doi.org/10.1890/08-1494.1.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Luo, Z., Zhou, S., Yu, W., Yu, H., Yang, J., et al (2015). Impacts of climate change on the distribution of Sichuan snub-nosed monkeys (Rhinopithecus roxellana) in Shennongjia area, China. American Journal of Primatology, 77(2), 135–151. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22317.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • MAAE. (2020). Sistema Nacional de Áreas Protegidas del Ecuador (SNAP). Ministerio del Ambiente y Agua del Ecuador. http://areasprotegidas.ambiente.gob.ec/es/info-snap. Accessed 26 May 2020

  • MAE. (2013). Sistema de clasificación de ecosistemas del Ecuador continental. Subsecretaría de Patrimonio Natural, Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador.

  • MAE. (2018). Mapa interactivo ambiental: Deforestación del Ecuador continental (período 2016-2018). Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador. http://ide.ambiente.gob.ec/mapainteractivo/ (accessed April 30, 2019).

  • Matauschek, C., Roos, C., & Heymann, E. W. (2011). Mitochondrial phylogeny of tamarins (Saguinus, Hoffmannsegg 1807) with taxonomic and biogeographic implications for the S. nigricollis species group. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 144(4), 564–574. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajpa.21445.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Meyer, A. L. S., Pie, M. R., & Passos, F. C. (2014). Assessing the exposure of lion tamarins (Leontopithecus spp.) to future climate change. American Journal of Primatology, 76(6), 551–562. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.22247.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mittermeier, R. A., Rylands, A. B., & Wilson, D. E. (Eds.). (2013). Handbook of the mammals of the world, Vol. 3: Primates. Lynx Edicions.

  • Morrone, J. J. (2014). Biogeographical regionalisation of the Neotropical region. Zootaxa, 3782, 1–110. https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.3782.1.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Moya, A. (1998). Ethnos. Atlas etnográfico del Ecuador. Proyecto de Educación Bilingüe Intercultural.

  • Narváez-Romero, C., Salazar Romero, M. V., Valle, T. D., Loaiza, C. R., & Cisneros-Vidal, R. (2012). Mamíferos del sur de Ecuador: (Occidente, Sierra y Oriente). Field Guides (The Field Museum), 403, 1–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Patton, J. L., Berlin, B., & Berlin, E. A. (1982). Aboriginal perspectives of a mammal community in Amazonian Perú: Knowledge and utilization patterns among the Aguaruna Jivaro. In M. A. Mares & H. H. Genoways (Eds.), Mammalian biology in South America (pp. 111–128). Linesville, PA: Special Publication Series, Pymatuning Laboratory of Ecology, University of Pittsburgh, Vol. 6.

  • Peterson, A. T., & Cohoon, K. P. (1999). Sensitivity of distributional prediction algorithms to geographic data completeness. Ecological Modelling, 117, 159–164. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0304-3800(99)00023-X.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, S. J. (2017). A brief tutorial on MaxEnt. http://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/maxent/ ().

  • Phillips, S. J., Anderson, R. P., & Schapire, R. E. (2006). Maximum entropy modeling of species geographic distributions. Ecological Modelling, 190(3–4), 231–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2005.03.026.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, S. J., & Dudík, M. (2008). Modeling of species distributions with MaxEnt: New extensions and a comprehensive evaluation. Ecography, 31, 161–175. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0906-7590.2008.5203.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, S. J., Dudík, M., Elith, J., Graham, C. H., Lehmann, A., et al (2009). Sample selection bias and presence-only distribution models: implications for background and pseudo-absence data. Ecological Applications, 19(1), 181–197. https://doi.org/10.1890/07-2153.1.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, S. J., Dudík, M., & Schapire, R. E. (2004). MaxEnt software for modeling species niches and distributions (version 3.4.1). https://biodiversityinformatics.amnh.org/open_source/maxent/

  • Pitman, N. C. A., Ruelas, E., Alvira Reyes, D., Vriesendorp, C., Moskovits, D. K., et al. (2012). Perú: Cerros de Kampankis. Rapid Inventories Biological and Social 24. The Field Museum.

  • Pliscoff, P., & Fuentes-Castillo, T. (2011). Modelación de la distribución de especies y ecosistemas en el tiempo y en el espacio: Una revisión de las nuevas herramientas y enfoques disponibles. Revista de Geografia Norte Grande, 2011(48), 61–79. https://doi.org/10.4067/s0718-34022011000100005.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • R Development Core Team. (2017). R: A language and environment for statistical computing. R Foundation for Statistical Computing.

  • Rodríguez-Bolaños, A., González-Caro, S., Etter, A., & Stevenson, P. R. (2013). Modelos predictivos de distribución para los micos atelinos (Lagothrix y Ateles) en Colombia. In T. R. Defler, P. R. Stevenson, M. L. Bueno, & D. Guzmán-Caro (Eds.), Primates Colombianos en peligro de extinción (pp. 194–216). Asociación Primatológica Colombiana.

  • Roncancio, N., Acosta-Castañeda, A., García-Loaiza, L. M., & Ríos-Franco, C. A. (2013). Distribución potencial y disponibilidad de hábitat del tití gris (Saguinus leucopus): un primate endémico de Colombia y en peligro de extinción. In T. R. Defler, P. R. Stevenson, M. L. Bueno, & D. C. Guzmán-Caro (Eds.), Primates Colombianos en peligro de extinción (pp. 217–234). Asociación Primatológica Colombiana.

  • Rylands, A. B. (1996). Habitat and the evolution of social and reproductive behavior in Callitrichidae. American Journal of Primatology, 38(1), 5–18. https://doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1098-2345(1996)38:1<5::aid-ajp2>3.0.co;2-2.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rylands, A. B., Heymann, E. W., Lynch Alfaro, J. W., Buckner, J. C., Roos, C., et al (2016). Taxonomic review of the New World tamarins (Primates: Callitrichidae). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 177(4), 1003–1028. https://doi.org/10.1111/zoj.12386.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rylands, A. B., Matauschek, C., Aquino, R., Encarnación, F., Heymann, E. W., et al (2011). The range of the golden-mantle tamarin, Saguinus tripartitus (Milne Edwards, 1878): Distributions and sympatry of four tamarins in Colombia, Ecuador, and northern Peru. Primates, 52(1), 25–39. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10329-010-0217-3.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rylands, A. B., & Mittermeier, R. A. (2013). Family Callitrichidae (marmosets and tamarins). In R. A. Mittermeier, A. B. Rylands, & D. E. Wilson (Eds.), Handbook of the mammals of the World, Primates (Vol. 3, pp. 262–346). Lynx Edicions.

  • Sales, L., Ribeiro, B. R., Chapman, C. A., & Loyola, R. (2020). Multiple dimensions of climate change on the distribution of Amazon primates. Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation, 18(2), 83–90. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pecon.2020.03.001.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schulenberg, T. S., & Awbrey, K. (1997). The Cordillera del Cóndor region of Ecuador and Peru: A biological assessment. In RAP Working Papers 7. Conservation International.

  • Sirén, A. (2004). Hunting. In A. Sirén (Ed.), Changing interactions between humans and nature in Sarayaku, Ecuadorian Amazon (pp. 191–217). Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Agriculturae Sueciae: Agraria 447. http://diss-epsilon.slu.se/archive/00000498/

  • Sirén, A. (2012). Festival hunting by the kichwa people in the Ecuadorian Amazon. Journal of Ethnobiology, 32(1), 30–50. https://doi.org/10.2993/0278-0771-32.1.30.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soberón, J. M., & Peterson, A. T. (2005). Interpretation of models of fundamental ecological niches and species’ distributional areas. Biodiversity Informatics, 2, 1–10. https://doi.org/10.17161/bi.v2i0.4.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Suárez, E., Zapata Ríos, G., Utreras, V., Strindberg, S., & Vargas, J. (2013). Controlling access to oil roads protects forest cover, but not wildlife communities: A case study from the rainforest of Yasuní Biosphere Reserve (Ecuador). Animal Conservation, 16(3), 265–274. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-1795.2012.00592.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Terborgh, J. (1983). Five New World primates: A study in comparative ecology. Princeton University Press.

  • Thorington, R. W. J. (1988). Taxonomic status of Saguinus tripartitus (Milne-Edwards, 1878). American Journal of Primatology, 15, 367–371. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajp.1350150410.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Tirira, D. G. (2001). Chichico de manto rojo (Saguinus fuscicollis). In D. G. Tirira (Ed.), Libro Rojo de los mamíferos del Ecuador (1st ed., p. 144). Quito: Simbioe, EcoCiencia, MAE, UICN. Publicación Especial sobre los mamíferos del Ecuador 4.

  • Tirira, D. G. (2007). Guía de campo de los mamíferos del Ecuador (1st ed.). Quito: Ediciones Murciélago Blanco. Publicación Especial sobre los mamíferos del Ecuador 6.

  • Tirira, D. G. (2013). Trafico de primates nativos del Ecuador. Boletín Técnico 11, Serie Zoológica, 8–9, 36–57.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tirira, D. G. (2017). A field guide to the mammals of Ecuador. Quito: Asociación Ecuatoriana de Mastozoología, Editorial Murciélago Blanco. Publicación Especial sobre los mamíferos del Ecuador 10.

  • Tirira, D. G. (2018). Una revisión sobre la presencia y distribución de la familia Callitrichidae (Primates) en el Ecuador. In B. Urbani, M. Kowalewski, R. G. T. da Cunha, S. De La Torre, & L. Cortés-Ortiz (Eds.), La primatología en Latinoamérica 2: A primatologia na América Latina 2. Tomo II Costa Rica-Venezuela (pp. 427–440). Caracas: Ediciones IVIC Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Científicas.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tirira, D. G., De la Torre, S., & Zapata Ríos, G. (2018a). Plan de acción para la conservación de los primates del Ecuador. Ministerio del Ambiente del Ecuador, Grupo de Estudio de Primates del Ecuador, Asociación Ecuatoriana de Mastozoología.

  • Tirira, D. G., De la Torre, S., & Zapata Ríos, G. (Eds.). (2018b). Estado de conservación de los Primates del Ecuador. Quito: Grupo de Estudio de Primates del Ecuador, Asociación Ecuatoriana de Mastozoología. Publicación Especial sobre los mamíferos del Ecuador 12.

  • Tirira, D. G., Reid, F. A., & Engstrom, M. D. (2019). Monitoreo Biológico Yasuní, Vol. 2: Mamíferos. Ecuambiente Consulting Group.

  • Vale, C. A., Menini Neto, L., & Prezoto, F. (2020). Distribution and invasive potential of the black-tufted marmoset Callithrix penicillata in the Brazilian territory. Scientia Plena, 16(5), 1–19. https://doi.org/10.14808/sci.plena.2020.052401.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vale, C. G., Ferreira da Silva, M. J., Campos, J. C., Torres, J., & Brito, J. C. (2015). Applying species distribution modelling to the conservation of an ecologically plastic species (Papio papio) across biogeographic regions in West Africa. Journal for Nature Conservation, 27, 26–36. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jnc.2015.06.004.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Valencia, R., Foster, R., Villa, G., Condit, R., Svenning, J. C., et al (2004). Tree species distributions and local habitat variation in the Amazon: Large forest plot in eastern Ecuador. Journal of Ecology, 92, 214–229. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0022-0477.2004.00876.x.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Vivar, E., & Arana-Cardó, R. (1994). Lista preliminar de los mamíferos de la cordillera del Cóndor, Amazonas, Perú. Publicaciones del Museo de Historia Natural de la Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, 46, 1–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vivar, E., & La Rosa, D. (2004). Evaluación de mamíferos de la cuenca alta del río Cenepa (Amazonas, Perú). In V. Pacheco (Ed.), Evaluación biológica realizada en la cuenca del río Cenepa (Amazonas, Perú) (pp. 137–158). Lima: ITTO, INRENA, Conservación Internacional Perú.

  • Zapata Ríos, G., Araguillin, E., & Jorgenson, J. (2006). Caracterización de la comunidad de mamíferos no voladores en las estribaciones orientales de la cordillera del Kutukú, Amazonía ecuatoriana. Mastozoología Neotropical, 13(2), 227–238.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

We would like to thank our colleagues who provided data and the assistants who accompanied us during field studies. We thank Antonio Fernández-García, Marlon Cobos, Víctor Colino, and Santiago Burneo for their suggestions regarding methodology. We also want to recognize the museums, scientific collections, and databases that contributed information, and the curators who allowed us to review material preserved in these collections. Also, we wish to acknowledge the original authors who developed the maps included in Fig. 1. Much of the field work carried out between 1996 and 2020 was part of other studies financed by a range of different institutions (Ecuambiente Consulting Group, Envirotec Cía. Ltda., Inypsa S. A., Museo de Zoología QCAZ, Procapcom Cía. Ltda., among others). We are grateful to Mika R. Peck, Kelly Swing, and Joanna M. Setchell for their helpful comments on the manuscript. Also, we are grateful to two anonymous referees for their comments.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Escuela de Doctorado, Universidad de Salamanca, Salamanca, Spain

    Diego G. Tirira

  2. Fundación Mamíferos y Conservación, Urb. Hacienda Capelo 165, Capelo, Ecuador

    Diego G. Tirira

  3. Fundació Universitat de Girona: Innovació i Formació, Girona, Spain

    Lidia Sánchez-Sánchez

  4. Universidad Regional Amazónica Ikiam, Tena, Ecuador

    Sara Álvarez-Solas

  5. Grupo de Estudio de Primates del Ecuador (GEPE), Quito, Ecuador

    Diego G. Tirira & Sara Álvarez-Solas

  6. Grupo de Investigación de Biogeografía y Ecología Espacial (BioGeo2), Quito, Ecuador

    Sara Álvarez-Solas

Authors
  1. Diego G. Tirira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Lidia Sánchez-Sánchez
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Sara Álvarez-Solas
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Diego G. Tirira.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Joanna Setchell.

Supplementary Information

ESM 1

(DOCX 39.7 kb)

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Tirira, D.G., Sánchez-Sánchez, L. & Álvarez-Solas, S. An Update of the Geographic Distribution of the Red-Mantled Saddle-Back Tamarin, Leontocebus lagonotus (Callitrichidae), in Ecuador. Int J Primatol 42, 600–617 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00221-7

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10764-021-00221-7

Keywords

Search

Navigation