Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is one of the most common sites for biliary tract cancers. It has a worldwide distribution being endemic in South America and Southern Asia. These high GBC rates have previously been linked to the determinants of health such as nutrition, genetics, lifestyle, and environment. Exposure to aflatoxin B1 (AFB1), a human carcinogen, is suggested to be involved with GBC development. This work aims to analyse the interplay of social, lifestyle, and genetic predisposing factors to GBC. AFB1 plays a pivotal role in carcinogenic onset by genetic and epigenetic modifications. AFB1 can induce molecular changes involved in the GBC pathogenesis, such as overexpression of UCHL1 gene, mutagenesis of TP53 gene, abnormal expression of oncogenes BCL-2, and aberrantly methylation of ERBB family receptors. However, a large-scale scientific cooperation is needed to confirm these molecular links through which AFB1 may increase the GBC risk. For that, monitoring AFB1 exposure through AF-albumin and AFB1-lysine will clarify the level of exposure of the population to AFB1 in the GBC hotspot. Further, analyses of AFB1-adduct concentrations in GBC cases (fatal and non-fatal) are needed to understanding if AF contamination can trigger gallbladder cancer.
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This research was funded by the Chilean National Commission for Scientific and Technological Research (CONICYT) which supports the J.C. PhD grant no 21181445 and by Universidad de La Frontera (Temuco, Chile) with partial funding from the Project PIA19-0001 lead by C.S. The work performed by N.L. was partially supported by FCT under the scope of the strategic funding of UIDB/04469/2020 unit and BioTecNorte operation (NORTE-01–0145-FEDER-000004) funded by the European Regional Development Fund under the scope of Norte2020—Programa Operacional Regional do Norte.
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Jéssica Costa and Cledir Santos analysed the literature data and conceived the original draft; Cledir Santos and Nelson Lima reviewed and edited the manuscript.
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Costa, J., Lima, N. & Santos, C. An overview on possible links between aflatoxin B1 exposure and gallbladder cancer. Mycotoxin Res 37, 205–214 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-021-00431-1
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12550-021-00431-1