Abstract
This article focuses on hypocoristic truncation in Sardinian. Besides disyllabic truncation, hypocoristic truncation in Sardinian also yields trisyllabic truncated forms by means of a process of reduplicative prefixation (e.g., Totore ← Servatore) and, more interestingly, a process of copy of what is analyzed as an internally layered ternary foot (e.g., (Va(tore)) ← Servatore). In this paper we develop an OT analysis of hypocoristic truncation based on output-output correspondence relations between bases and truncated morphemes that gives further support to internally layered ternary feet in the domain of the phonology–morphology interface.
Funding source: Spanish Government
Award Identifier / Grant number: FFI2016-76245-C31P
Award Identifier / Grant number: FFI2017-87699-P
Funding source: Catalan Government
Award Identifier / Grant number: 2017 SGR 634 AGAUR
Acknowledgements
Some parts of this research were presented at the Italian Dialect Meeting (May 2012, Leiden, the Netherlands), at the Coloquio de Gramática Generativa (May 2013, Madrid, Spain), at the Phonetics and Phonology in Europe conference (June 2015, Cambridge, United Kingdom), at the workshop “Methods in Empirical Prosody Research” at the 34th Romanistentag (July 2015, Mannheim, Germany), and at the workshop Il Sardo in Movimento (September 2017, Vienna, Austria). We are grateful to the audiences at these talks for their helpful comments and discussion. All the speakers who participated unselfishly in the recordings as well as colleagues from Sardinia or elsewhere who put us in contact with potential participants (Claudia Aru, Francesc Ballone, Amos Cardia, Silvio Cruschina, Claudio Sanna, and Carlo Schirru) deserve a special mention for their time and dedication. We also thank Francesc Ballone for carefully proofreading the excerpts in Sardinian. We also want to thank the editors and two anonymous reviewers for their helpful and encouraging comments on the manuscript.
Research funding: This research has been funded by the Spanish Government via the projects FFI2016-76245-C31P and FFI2017-87699-P, and by the Catalan Government via the project 2017 SGR 634 AGAUR-Generalitat de Catalunya.
References
Alber, Birgit. 2010. An exploration of truncation in Italian. In Peter Staroverov, Aaron Braver, Daniel Altshuler, Carlos Fasola & Sarah Murray (eds.), Rutgers Working Papers in Linguistics, Vol. 3, 1–30. New Brunswick, NJ: LGSA.Search in Google Scholar
Alber, Birgit & Sabine Arndt-Lappe. 2012. Templatic and subtractive truncation. In Jochen Trommer (ed.), The morphology and phonology of exponence, 289–325. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199573721.003.0009Search in Google Scholar
Alderete, John & Kayleigh MacMillan. 2015. Reduplication in Hawaiian: Variations on a theme of minimal word. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 33(1). 1–45. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-014-9255-7.Search in Google Scholar
Bennett, Ryan. 2012. Foot-conditioned phonotactics and prosodic constituency. Santa Cruz, CA: University of California Santa Cruz dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Bennett, Ryan. 2013. The uniqueness of metrical structure: Rhythmic phonotactics in Huariapano. Phonology 30(3). 355–398. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952675713000195.Search in Google Scholar
Benua, Laura. 1995. Identity effects in morphological truncation. In Jill Beckman, Laura Walsh-Dickey & Suzanne Urbanczyk (eds.), University of Massachusetts occasional papers in linguistics: Papers in optimality theory, 77–136. Amherst, MA: GLSA.Search in Google Scholar
Bolognesi, Roberto. 1998. The phonology of Campidanian Sardinian: A unitary account of a self-organizing structure. Amsterdam: University of Amsterdam dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Breteler, Jeroen. 2017. Deriving bounded tone with layered feet in Harmonic Serialism: The case of Saghala. Glossa 2(1). 1–38. https://doi.org/10.5334/gjgl.89.Search in Google Scholar
Breteler, Jeroen & René Kager. 2017. Layered feet laid bare in Copperbelt Bemba tone. In Karen Jesney, Charlie O’Hara, Caitlin Smith & Rachel Walker (eds.), Proceedings of the 2016 annual meeting on phonology, 1–8. Washington, DC: Linguistic Society of America. https://doi.org/10.3765/amp.v4i0.4003.10.3765/amp.v4i0.4003Search in Google Scholar
Caballero, Gabriela. 2008. Choguita Rarámuri (Tarahumara) phonology and morphology. Berkeley, CA: University of California Berkeley dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Caballero, Gabriela. 2011. Morphologically conditioned stress assignment in Choguita Rarámuri. Linguistics 49(4). 749–790. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2011.023.Search in Google Scholar
Cabré, Teresa. 1993. Estructura gramatical i lexicó: El mot mínim català [Grammatical structure and the lexicon: The Catalan minimal word]. Barcelona: Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Cabré, Teresa. 1994. Minimality in the Catalan truncation process. Catalan Working Papers in Linguistics 4. 1–21.Search in Google Scholar
Cabré, Teresa. 1998. Faithfulness to prosodic edges. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 6. 7–22.Search in Google Scholar
Cabré, Teresa & Michael Kenstowicz. 1995. Prosodic trapping in Catalan. Linguistic Inquiry 26(4). 694–705.Search in Google Scholar
Cabré, Teresa, Francesc Torres-Tamarit & Maria del Mar Vanrell. 2020. Dataset on hypocoristic truncation in Sardinian. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3886324.Search in Google Scholar
Cardia, Amos, Stèvini Cherchi, Nicolau Dessi, Màssimu Madrigale, Miali Madrigale, Frantziscu Maxia, Ivu Morgia, Perdu Perra, Oresti Pili, Antoni Pistis, Antonedda Rodi, Pàula Sanna, Marcu Sitzia, Eduardo Blasco Ferrer & Pàulu Zedda. 2009. Arrègulas po ortografia, fonètica, morfologia e fueddàriu de sa norma campidanesa de sa lìngua sarda [Rules for orthography, phonetics, morphology and vocabulary of the Campidanese norm of the Sardinian language]. Quartu S. Elena: Alfa.Search in Google Scholar
Colina, Sonia. 1996. Spanish truncation processes: the emergence of the unmarked. Linguistics 34(6). 1199–1218. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.1996.34.6.1199.Search in Google Scholar
Davis, Stuart & Mi-Hui Cho. 2003. The distribution of aspirated stops and /h/ in American English and Korean: An alignment approach with typological implications. Linguistics 41(4). 607–652. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2003.020.Search in Google Scholar
Felíu, Elena. 2001. Output constraints on two Spanish word-creation processes. Linguistics 39(5). 871–891. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.2001.037.Search in Google Scholar
Flack, Kathryn. 2009. Constraints on onsets and codas of words and phrases. Phonology 26(2). 269–302. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952675709990133.Search in Google Scholar
Gordon. 2002. A factorial typology of quantity-insensitive stress. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 20(3). 491–552. https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1015810531699.10.1023/A:1015810531699Search in Google Scholar
Harris, John. 2013. Wide-domain r-effects in English. Journal of Linguistics 49(2). 329–365. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0022226712000369.Search in Google Scholar
Hayes, Bruce. 1995. Metrical stress theory: Principles and case studies. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.Search in Google Scholar
Iosad, Pavel. 2016. Prosodic structure and suprasegmental features. The Journal of Comparative Germanic Linguistics 19(3). 221–268. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10828-016-9083-8.Search in Google Scholar
Itô, Junko. 1990. Prosodic minimality in Japanese. In CLS 26-II: Papers from the parasession on the syllable in phonetics in phonology, 213–239.Search in Google Scholar
Itô, Junko & Armin Mester. 2007. Prosodic adjunction in Japanese compounds. In Yoichi Miyamoto & Masao Ochi (eds.), Proceedings of FAJL 4: Formal approaches to Japanese linguistics, Vol. 55, 97–111. Cambridge, MA: MIT Working Papers in Linguistics 55.Search in Google Scholar
Itô, Junko & Armin Mester. 2009. The extended prosodic word. In Baris Kabak & Janet Grijzenhout (eds.), Phonological domains: Universals and deviations, 135–194. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110219234.2.135Search in Google Scholar
Itô, Junko & Armin Mester. 2013. Prosodic subcategories in Japanese. Lingua 124. 20–40. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.08.016.Search in Google Scholar
Jensen, John T. 2000. Against ambisyllabicity. Phonology 17(2). 187–235. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952675700003912.Search in Google Scholar
Kager, René. 2007. Feet and metrical stress. In Paul De Lacy (ed.), The Cambridge handbook of phonology, 195–227. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511486371.010Search in Google Scholar
Kager, René. 2012. Stress in windows: Language typology and factorial typology. Lingua 122. 1454–1493. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2012.06.005.Search in Google Scholar
Lepori, Antonio. 1980. Vocabolario moderno sardo-italiano: 8400 vocaboli [Modern vocabulary Sardinian-Italian: 8400 words]. Cagliari: CUEC.Search in Google Scholar
Martínez-Paricio, Violeta. 2012. Superfeet as recursion. In Arnett Nathan & Ryan Bennett (eds.), Proceedings of the 30th West Coast conference on formal linguistics, 259–269. Somerville, MA: Cascadilla Proceedings Project.Search in Google Scholar
Martínez-Paricio, Violeta. 2013. An exploration of minimal and maximal metrical feet. Tromsø: University of Tromsø-Arctic University of Norway dissertation.Search in Google Scholar
Martínez-Paricio, Violeta & René Kager. 2015. The binary-to-ternary rhythmic continuum in stress typology: Layered feet and non-intervention constraints. Phonology 32(3). 459–504. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0952675715000287.Search in Google Scholar
Martínez-Paricio, Violeta & Francesc Torres-Tamarit. 2019. Trisyllabic hypocoristics in Spanish and layered feet. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 37(2). 659–691. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-018-9413-4.Search in Google Scholar
McCarthy, John. 2000. Faithfulness and prosodic circumscription. In Joost Dekkers, Frank van der Leeuw & Jeroen van de Weijer (eds.), Optimality theory: Phonology, syntax, and acquisition, 151–189. Amherst, MA: GLSA.10.1093/oso/9780198238430.003.0005Search in Google Scholar
McCarthy, John. 2008. Doing optimality theory: Applying theory to data. Malden, MA: Wiley- Blackwell.10.1002/9781444301182Search in Google Scholar
McCarthy, John & Alan Prince. 1990. Foot and word in prosodic morphology: The Arabic broken plural. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 8(2). 209–283. https://doi.org/10.1007/bf00208524.Search in Google Scholar
McCarthy, John & Alan Prince. 1993. Prosodic morphology: Constraint interaction and satisfaction. (Linguistics Department Faculty Publication Series 14). Amherst, MA: University of Massachusetts Amherst. https://scholarworks.umass.edu/linguist_faculty_pubs/14.Search in Google Scholar
McCarthy, John & Alan Prince. 1994. The emergence of the unmarked. Optimality in prosodic morphology. In Mercè González (ed.), NELS 24: Proceedings of the North East Linguistic Society. Amherst, MA: GLSA.Search in Google Scholar
McCarthy, John & Alan Prince. 1999. Faithfulness and identity in prosodic morphology. In René Kager, Harry van der Hulst & Wilm Zonneveld (eds.), The prosody-morphology interface, 218–309. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.10.1017/CBO9780511627729.008Search in Google Scholar
Molinu, Lucia. 2012. Le strutture non marcate negli ipocoristici del sardo [The unmarked structures in Sardinian hypocoristics]. Paper presented at the Sardinian network meeting, University of Konstanz, 3–4 Sept. 2012.Search in Google Scholar
Molinu, Lucia. 2015. Gli ipocoristici dei nomi di persona in sardo [The hypocoristics of personal names in Sardinian]. L’Italia Dialettale, rivista di dialettologia italiana 73. 73–90.Search in Google Scholar
Molinu, Lucia. 2018. Le polymorphisme des hypocoristiques en sarde [The polymorphism of hypocoristics in Sardinian]. In Paolo Greco, Cesarina Vecchia & Rosanna Sornicola (eds.), Strutture e dinamismi della variazione e del cambiamento linguistico. Atti del Convegno DIA III, Napoli, 24-27 November 2014. Memorie dell’Accademia di Archeologia, Lettere e Belle Arti di Napoli, Vol. XX, 248–383. Naples: Giannoni Editore.Search in Google Scholar
Nespor, Marina & Irene Vogel. 1986. Prosodic phonology. Dordrecht: Foris.Search in Google Scholar
Piñeros, Carlos-Eduardo. 2000a. Foot-sensitive word minimization in Spanish. Probus 12(2). 291–324. https://doi.org/10.1515/prbs.2000.12.2.291.Search in Google Scholar
Piñeros, Carlos-Eduardo. 2000b. Prosodic and segmental unmarkedness in Spanish truncation. Linguistics 38(1). 63–98. https://doi.org/10.1515/ling.38.1.63.Search in Google Scholar
Piñeros, Carlos-Eduardo. 2002. Truncamientos en español [Truncations in Spanish]. Bulletin of Hispanic Studies 79(4). 437–459. https://doi.org/10.3828/bhs.79.4.1.Search in Google Scholar
Pittau, Massimo. 1972. Grammatica del sardo-nuorese [Grammar of Nuorese Sardinian]. Bologna: Patron Editore.Search in Google Scholar
Prieto, Pilar. 1992. Truncation processes in Spanish. Studies in the Linguistic Sciences 22(1). 143–158.Search in Google Scholar
Prince, Alan. 1990. Quantitative consequences of rhythmic organization. In Michael Ziolkowski, Manuela Noske & Karen Deaton (eds.), Parasession on the syllable in phonetics and phonology, 355–398. Chicago, IL: Chicago Linguistic Society.Search in Google Scholar
Regione Autònoma de Sardigna. 2006. Limba sarda comuna: Normas linguìsticas de referèntzia a caràtere isperimentale pro sa limba sarda iscrita de s’Amministratzione regionale [Common Sardinian Language: Experimental linguistic norms of reference for the written Sardinian language of the regional administration]. http://www.sardegnacultura.it/documenti/7_108_20090205122432.pdf.Search in Google Scholar
Roca, Iggy. 1999. Stress in Romance languages. In Harry van der Hulst (ed.), Word prosodic systems in the languages of Europe, 659–811. Berlin & New York: Mouton de Gruyter.10.1515/9783110197082.2.659Search in Google Scholar
Rubattu, Antoninu. 2006. Dizionario Universale della Lingua di Sardegna [Universal dictionary of the language of Sardinia]. Sassari: Editrice democratica sarda.Search in Google Scholar
Rubattu, Antoninu. 2013. Númenes de persona [Personal names] (Accessed 19 May 2016).Search in Google Scholar
Selkirk, Elisabeth. 1981. On the nature of phonological representations. In John Anderson, John Laver & Terry Myers (eds.), The cognitive representation of speech, 379–388. Amsterdam: North-Holland.10.1016/S0166-4115(08)60213-7Search in Google Scholar
Torres-Tamarit, Francesc. 2021. Blending and truncation. In Antonio Fábregas, Víctor Acedo-Matellán, Grant Armstrong, María Cristina Cuervo & Isabel Pujol (eds.), The Routledge handbook of Spanish morphology, 317–332. London & New York: Routledge.10.4324/9780429318191-24Search in Google Scholar
Torres-Tamarit, Francesc, Kathrin Linke & Maria del Mar Vanrell. 2017. Opacity in Campidanian Sardinian: Metaphony and copy-vowel epenthesis. Natural Language & Linguistic Theory 35(2). 549–576. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11049-016-9341-0.Search in Google Scholar
Vanrell, Maria del Mar, Francesc Ballone, Carlo Schirru & Pilar Prieto. 2015. Sardinian intonational phonology: Logudorese and Campidanese varieties. In Sónia Frota & Pilar Prieto (eds.), Intonational variation in Romance, 317–349. Oxford: Oxford University Press.10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199685332.003.0009Search in Google Scholar
Wagner, Max Leopold. 1984. Fonetica storica del sardo [Historical phonetics of Sardinian]. Cagliari: Gianni Trois.Search in Google Scholar
© 2021 Walter de Gruyter GmbH, Berlin/Boston
