Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Effects of single and mixed-diatom diets on growth, condition, and survival of larvae of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816)

  • Published:
Aquaculture International Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

The development of rearing protocols promoting the larval development, pre and post-metamorphosis are key for echinoculture. Mixed diets combining diatom with other microalgae have been used with success and Rhodomonas sp. (Rho)-based diets showed promising results in larval survival. This study was aimed to evaluate the rearing success of Paracentrotus lividus larvae fed with mixed diets combining Rho with two diatoms, Phaedactylum tricornutum (Phae) and Chaetoceros calcitrans (Chae) in two experiments. In experiment I, the effect of the mixed diet of Rho and Phae (Mix I) was compared with monospecific diets of both species, while in experiment II, Rho was combined with Chae (Mix II) and compared with both monospecific diets. In experiment I, larvae fed with Rho I and Mix I diets grew faster than larvae fed with Phae I diet, attained the competence earlier with survival rates of 15-16%. In experiment II, the larvae fed with Rho were larger and the larvae fed with Mix II attained the highest survival rate (32.22%). The analysis of the larval biometric models showed that the larger larvae, with bigger stomachs, and shorter post-oral arm attained the age-at-competence earlier with higher survival rates. In conclusion, the larvae fed with a combination of Rho with the selected diatoms showed identical growth performance and condition to larvae fed with Rho monospecific diet but obtained higher survival rate. These results indicate that mixed-diatoms diets may be more suitable for P. lividus larval rearing.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Fig. 1
Fig. 2
Fig. 3
Fig. 4

Similar content being viewed by others

Data availability

The data that support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request.

Code availability

No code was developed in the present study.

References

  • Ahmed HO, Elmasry E, El-Sayed AFM, Abdel Razek FA (2016) Larval growth and metamorphosis of South Eastern Mediterranean sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) fed different microalgal diets. J Fish Aquat Sci 11:287–295. https://doi.org/10.3923/jfas.2016.287.295

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andrew NL, Agatsuma Y, Ballesteros E, Bazhin AG, Creaser EP, Barnes DKA, Botsford LW, Bradbury A, Campbell A, Dixon JD, Einarsson S, Gerring PK, Hebert K, Hunter M, Hur SB, Johnson CR, Juinio-Menez MA, Kalvass P, Miller RJ, Moreno CA, Palleiro JS, Rivas D, Robinson SML, Schroeter SC, Steneck RS, Vadas RL, Woodby DA, Xiaoqi Z (2002) Status and management of world sea urchin fisheries. Oceanogr Mar Biol 40:343–425. https://doi.org/10.1201/9780203180594.ch7

  • Araújo J, Candeias-Mendes A, Monteiro I, Teixeira D, Soares F, Pousão-Ferreira P (2020) The use of diatom Skeletonema costatum on aquaculture-produced purple sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) larvae and post-larvae diet. Aquac Res 51:2545–2554. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14597

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Azad AK, Mckinley S, Pearce CM (2010) Factors influencing the growth and survival of larval and juvenile echinoids. Rev Aquac 2:121–137. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1753-5131.2010.01030.x

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Azad AK, Pearce CM, McKinley RS (2011) Influence of microalgal species and dietary rations on larval development and survival of the purple sea urchin, Strongylocentrotus purpuratus (Stimpson, 1857). Aquaculture. 322-323:210–217. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.09.029

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Basch LV (1996) Effects of algal and larval densities on development and survival of asteroid larvae. Mar Biol 126:693–701. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00351336

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bertocci I, Dominguez R, Machado I, Freitas C, Domínguez Godino J, Sousa-Pinto I, Gaspar MB (2014) Multiple effects of harvesting on populations of the purple sea urchin paracentrotus lividus in north Portugal. Fish Res 150:60–65. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fishres.2013.10.010

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bohlin K (1898) Zur Morphologie und Biologie einzelliger Algen. Öfversigt af Kongliga [Svenska] Vetenskadademiens Förhanligar. Stockholm 54:507–529

  • Boudouresque CF, Verlaque M (2013) Paracentrotus Lividus, vol 38. Elsevier. https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-396491-5.00021-6

  • Brundu G, Vian Monleón L, Vallainc D, Carboni S (2016) Effects of larval diet and metamorphosis cue on survival and growth of sea urchin post-larvae (Paracentrotus lividus; Lamarck, 1816). Aquaculture. 465:265–271. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2016.09.014

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brundu G, Vallainc D, Baroli M, Figus AM, Pinna A, Carboni S (2017) Effects of on-demand feeding on sea urchin larvae (Paracentrotus lividus; Lamarck, 1816), development, survival and microalgae utilization. Aquac Res 48:1550–1560. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12990

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Buitrago E, Lodeiros C, Lunar K, Alvarado D, Indorf F, Frontado K, Vasquez Z (2005) Mass production of competent larvae of the sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea). Aquac Int 13:359–367. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-004-6551-y

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Burke RD (1981) Structure of the digestive tract of the pluteus larva of Dendraster excentricus (Echinodermata: Echinoida). Zoomorphology. 98:209–225. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF00312050

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butcher RW (1959) An introductory account of the smaller algae of British coastal waters. Part I: Introduction and Chlorophyceae. Fish Invest 1:1–74

  • Byrne M (1990) Annual reproductive cycles of the commercial sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus from an exposed intertidal and a sheltered subtidal habitat on the west coast of Ireland. Mar Biol 104:275–289. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01313269

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carbonara S, D’Adamo R, Novelli A, Pelosi S, Fabbrocini A (2018) Ground Ulva solution (GUS): a promising metamorphosis cue for Paracentrotus lividus larviculture. Aquaculture. 491:289–294. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.03.044

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carbonara S, D’Adamo R, Novelli A, Pelosi S, Fabbrocini A (2019) Increasing the stocking density in Paracentrotus lividus larviculture: effects on survival and metamorphosis rates. Aquac Res 50:2469–2476. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.14200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Carboni S, Vignier J, Chiantore M, Tocher DR, Migaud H (2012) Effects of dietary microalgae on growth, survival and fatty acid composition of sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus throughout larval development. Aquaculture. 324-325:250–258. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2011.10.037

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Carboni S, Hughes AD, Atack T, Tocher DR, Migaud H (2013) Fatty acid profiles during gametogenesis in sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus): effects of dietary inputs on gonad, egg and embryo profiles. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 164:376-382. https:// doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.11.010

  • Carboni S, Kelly MS, Hughes AD, Vignier J, Atack T, Migaud H (2014) Evaluation of flow through culture technique for commercial production of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) larvae. Aquac Res 45:768–772. https://doi.org/10.1111/are.12019

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Cárcamo PF, Candia AI, Chaparro OR (2005) Larval development and metamorphosis in the sea urchin Loxechinus albus (Echinodermata: Echinoidea): effects of diet type and feeding frequency. Aquaculture. 249:375–386. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2005.03.026

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Casal A, Costas D, Rodriguez R, Costoya N, Rial LRD (2009) Paracentrotus lividus Lamarck 1816, expuestas a diferentes inductores algales. XIII Congreso Nacional de Acuicultura

  • Castilla-Gavilán M, Buzin F, Cognie B, Dumay J, Turpin V, Decottignies P (2018a) Optimising microalgae diets in sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus larviculture to promote aquaculture diversification. Aquaculture. 490:251–259. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.02.003

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Castilla-Gavilán M, Turpin V, Buzin F, Cognie B, Decottignies P (2018b) Optimizing metamorphosis in Paracentrotus lividus aquaculture using alternative macroalgae species to Corallina sp. Aquac Int 26:1511–1518. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-018-0305-8

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chícharo MA, Chícharo L (2008) RNA: DNA ratio and other nucleic acid derived indices in Marine ecology. Int J Mol Sci 9:1453–1471

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • De La Uz S, Rodrfguezi JC, Carrasco F, Anadon N (2013) Metamorphosis, growth and survival of early juveniles of Paracentrotus lividus (echinodermata: Echinoidea): Effects of larval diet and settlement inducers. Cah Biol Mar 54:691–695

    Google Scholar 

  • Delaporte M, Soudant P, Moal J, Lambert C, Quéré C, Miner P, Samain JF (2003) Effect of a mono-specific algal diet on immune functions in two bivalve species - Crassostrea gigas and Ruditapes philippinarum. J Exp Biol 206:3053–3064. https://doi.org/10.1242/jeb.00518

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dupont S, Ortega-Martínez O, Thorndyke M (2010) Impact of near-future ocean acidification on echinoderms. Ecotoxicology. 19(3):449–462. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10646-010-0463-6

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-Reiriz MJ, Perez-Camacho A, Ferreiro MJ, Blanco J, Planas M, Campos MJ, Labarta U (1989) Biomass production and variation in the biochemical profile (total protein, carbohydrates, RNA, lipids and fatty acids) of seven species of marine microalgae. Aquaculture. 83:17–37. https://doi.org/10.1016/0044-8486(89)90057-4

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • George SB, Walker D (2007) Short-term fluctuation in salinity promotes rapid larval development and metamorphosis in Dendraster excentricus. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 349:113–130. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2007.05.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • George SB, Fox C, Wakeham S (2008) Fatty acid composition of larvae of the sand dollar Dendraster excentricus (Echinodermata) might reflect FA composition of the diets. Aquaculture. 285:167–173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2008.08.010

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gibson G (1995) Why be choosy? Temporal changes in larval sensitivity to several naturally-occurring metamorphic inducers in the opisthobranch Haminaea callidegenita. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 194:9–24. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(95)00075-5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gosselin P, Jangoux M (1996) Induction of metamorphosis in Paracentrotus lividus larvae (Echinodermata, Echinoidea). Oceanol Acta 19:293–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Grosjean P, Spirlet C, Vaïtilingon D, Jangoux M, Gosselin P (1998) Land-based, closed-cycle echiniculture of Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck) (Echinoidea: Echinodermata): a long-term experiment at a pilot scale. J Shellfish Res:1523–1531

  • Hart MW, Strathmann RR (1994) Functional Consequences of Phenotypic Plasticity in Echinoid Larvae. Marine Biological Laboratory Stable URL : http://www.jstor.org/stable/1542275 REFERENCES Linked references are ava.186:291-299.

  • Hibberd DJ (1981) Notes on the taxonomy and nomenclature of the algal classes Eustigmatophyceae and Tribophyceae (synonym Xanthophyceae). Bot J Linn Soc 82:93–119

  • Hillebrand H (1999) Biovolume calculation for pelagic and benthic microalgae. J Phycol 35:403–424

  • Hodin J, Ferner MC, Ng G, Lowe CJ, Gaylord B (2015) Rethinking competence in marine life cycles: ontogenetic changes in the settlement response of sand dollar larvae exposed to turbulence. R Soc Open Sci 2, 2(6). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsos.150114

  • Jackson DJ, Degnan SM, Degnan BM (2012) Variation in rates of early development in Haliotis asinina generate competent larvae of different ages. Front Zool 9:1–9. https://doi.org/10.1186/1742-9994-9-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jimmy RA, Kelly MS, Beaumont AR (2003) The effect of diet type and quantity on the development of common sea urchin larvae Echinus esculentus. Aquaculture. 220:261–275. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(02)00193-X

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kabeya N, Sanz-Jorquera A, Carboni S, Davie A, Oboh A, Monroig O (2017) Biosynthesis of polyunsaturated fatty acids in sea urchins: molecular and functional characterization of three fatty acyl desaturaes from Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck 1816). PlosOne 12:e0169374. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0169374

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly MS, Hunter AJ, Scholfield CL, McKenzie JD (2000) Morphology and survivorship of larval Psammechinus miliaris (Gmelin) (Echinodermata: Echinoidea) in response to varying food quantity and quality. Aquaculture. 183:223–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0044-8486(99)00296-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lamarck JBM de(1816) Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Tome troisième, Paris

  • Lawrence JM (2007) Chapter 1 - Edible Sea Urchins: Use and Life-History Strategies BT - Edible Sea Urchins: Biology. Edible Sea Urchins Biol. 1-9. papers3://publication/uuid/42D2648F-7A65-487F-958A-6B98CC020755

  • Liu H, Kelly MS, Cook EJ, Black K, Orr H, Zhu JX, Dong SL (2007) The effect of diet type on growth and fatty-acid composition of sea urchin larvae, I. Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata). Aquaculture. 264:247–262. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.12.021

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu W, Pearce CM, Alabi AO, Gurney-Smith H (2009) Effects of microalgal diets on the growth and survival of larvae and post-larvae of the basket cockle, Clinocardium nuttallii. Aquaculture 293:248–254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2009.04.032

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lourenço S, Valente LMP, Andrade C (2019) Meta-analysis on nutrition studies modulating sea urchin roe growth, colour and taste. Rev Aquac 11:766–781. https://doi.org/10.1111/raq.12256

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Martínez-Fernández E, Southgate PC (2007) Use of tropical microalgae as food for larvae of the black-lip pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera. Aquaculture. 263:220–226. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2006.09.040

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • McAlister JS, Miner BG (2018) Phenotypic plasticity of feeding structures in marine invertebrate larvae. Evol Ecol Mar Invert Lar 103–123. https://doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198786962.003.0008

  • McEdward LR, Herrera JC (1999) Body form and skeletal morphometrics during larval development of the sea urchin lytechinus variegatus lamarck. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 232:151–176. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(98)00106-3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Miner BG (2005) Evolution of feeding structure plasticity in marine invertebrate larvae: a possible trade-off between arm length and stomach size. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 315:117–125. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2004.09.011

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Monfort MC (2002) Fish roe in Europe: Supply and demand conditions. FAO/GLOBEFISH Res Program 72

  • Ouréns R, Naya I, Freire J (2015) Mismatch between biological, exploitation, and governance scales and ineffective management of sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) fisheries in Galicia. Mar Policy 51:13–20

  • Pais A, Serra S, Meloni G, Saba S, Ceccherelli G (2012) Harvesting effects on Paracentrotus lividus population structure: A case study from Northwestern Sardinia, Italy, before and after the fishing season. J Coastal Res 28:570–575

  • Paredes E, Bellas J, Costas D (2015) Sea urchin (Paracentrotus lividus) larval rearing - culture from cryopreserved embryos. Aquaculture. 437:366–369. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2014.12.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedrotti ML (1995) Food selection (size and flavour) during development of echinoderm larvae. Invertebr Reprod Dev 27:29–39. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.1995.9672431

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pedrotti ML, Fenaux L (1993) Effects of food diet on the survival, development and growth rates of two cultured echinoplutei (Paracentrotus lividus and Arbacia lixula). Invertebr Reprod Dev. 2459-70. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.1993.9672332

  • Pinto H (2018) Efeito dos modos de preservação da microalga Rhodomonas baltica (Karsten, 1898) no cultivo do copépode Acartia tonsa (Dana, 1849). Dissertion, Polytechnic of Leiria.

  • Qi S, Zhao X, Zhang W, Wang C, He M, Chang Y, Ding J (2018) The effects of 3 different microalgae species on the growth, metamorphosis and MYP gene expression of two sea urchins, Strongylocentrotus intermedius and S. nudus. Aquaculture. 492:123–131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.02.007

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rahman S, Tsuchiya M, Uehara T (2009) Effects of temperature on hatching rate, embryonic development and early larval survival of the edible sea urchin, Tripneustes gratilla. Biologia (Bratisl) 64:768–775. https://doi.org/10.2478/s11756-009-0135-2

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Repolho TFBR, Costa MH, Luís OJ, Gago JAEM (2011) Broodstock diet effect on sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) endotrophic larvae development: potential for their year-round use in environmental toxicology assessment. Ecotoxicol Environ Saf 74:584–592. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ecoenv.2010.12.004

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Rial D, Rial P, Casal A, Costoya N, Costas D (2018) Induction of settlement, growth and survival of juveniles of Paracentrotus lividus. Aquaculture. 483:16–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2017.10.005

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sartori D, Pellegrini D, Macchia S, Gaion A (2016) Can echinoculture be a feasible and effective activity? Analyses of fast reliable breeding conditions to promote gonadal growth and sexual maturation in Paracentrotus lividus. Aquaculture 451:39–46

  • Schiopu D, George SB, Castell J (2006) Ingestion rates and dietary lipids affect growth and fatty acid composition of Dendraster excentricus larvae. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 328:47–75. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jembe.2005.06.019

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Spirlet C, Grosjean P, Jangoux M (1998) Reproductive cycle of the echinoid paracentrotus lividus: Analysis by means of the maturity index. Invertebr Reprod Dev 34:69–81. https://doi.org/10.1080/07924259.1998.9652355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stefánsson G, Kristinsson H, Ziemer N, Hannon C, James P (2017) Markets for sea urchins: a review of global supply and markets. 45. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.12657.99683

  • Strathmann RR, Fenaux L, Strathmann MF (1992) Heterochronic developmental plasticity larval sea urchins. Evolution (N Y) 46:972–986

    Google Scholar 

  • Suckling CC, Terrey D, Davies AJ (2018) Optimising stocking density for the commercial cultivation of sea urchin larvae. Aquaculture. 488:96–104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.01.022

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Takano H (1968) On the diatom Chaetoceros calcitrans (Paulsen) emend and its dwarf form pumilus forma nov. Bull Tokai Reg Fish Res Lab 55:1–7

  • Tocher D (2010) Fatty acid requirements in ontogeny of marine and freshwater fish. Aquac Res 41:717–732. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2109.2008.02150.x

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Vaïtilingon D, Morgan R, Grosjean P, Gosselin P, Jangoux M (2001) Effects of delayed metamorphosis and food rations on the perimetamorphic events in the echinoid Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816) (Echinodermata). J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 262:41–60. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0022-0981(01)00281-7

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Volkman JK, Jeffrey SW, Nichols PD, Rogers GI, Garland CD (1989) Fatty acid and lipid composition of 10 species of microalgae used in mariculture. J Exp Mar Biol Ecol 128:219–240. https://doi.org/10.1016/0022-0981(89)90029-4

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zar JH (2010) Biostatistical analysis, 5th edn. Prentice-Hall/Pearson, Upper Saddle River

  • Zupo V, Glaviano F, Caramiello D, Mutalipassi M (2018) Effect of five benthic diatoms on the survival and development of Paracentrotus lividus post-larvae in the laboratory. Aquaculture. 495:13–20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.aquaculture.2018.05.028

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

The authors wish to thank the valuable comments made by the two anonymous reviewers that greatly improve the content of this study. This study had the financial support of Operational Programme MAR2020 through the project 16-02-01-FMP-0004: Ouriceira Aqua: Aquaculture and Enhancement of Gonad Production in the Sea Urchin (Paracentrotus lividus), and the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project UIDB/ 04292/2020 granted to MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre.

Funding

This study had the financial support of Operational Programme MAR2020 through the project 16-02-01-FMP-0004: Ouriceira Aqua: Aquaculture and Enhancement of Gonad Production in the Sea Urchin (Paracentrotus lividus), and the support of Fundação para a Ciência e Tecnologia (FCT), through the strategic project UIDB/ 04292/2020 granted to MARE-Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Polytechnic of Leiria, 2520-630, Peniche, Portugal

    Ana Gomes, Sílvia Lourenço, Pedro M. Santos, Andreia Raposo, Susana Mendes, Sílvia C. Gonçalves, Susana M. F. Ferreira & Ana Pombo

  2. MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, ESTM, Polytechnic Institute of Leiria, 2520-641, Peniche, Portugal

    Susana Mendes, Sílvia C. Gonçalves, Susana M. F. Ferreira & Ana Pombo

  3. MARE - Marine and Environmental Sciences Centre, Department of Life Sciences, Faculty of Sciences and Technology, University of Coimbra, 3004-517, Coimbra, Portugal

    Sílvia C. Gonçalves

  4. CFE - Centre for Functional Ecology, Department of Life Science, University of Coimbra, Apto 3046, 3001-401, Coimbra, Portugal

    Susana M. F. Ferreira

Authors
  1. Ana Gomes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Sílvia Lourenço
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Pedro M. Santos
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Andreia Raposo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  5. Susana Mendes
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  6. Sílvia C. Gonçalves
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  7. Susana M. F. Ferreira
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  8. Ana Pombo
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Contributions

All authors significantly contributed to the content of this manuscript and the work that supported it. AG contributed with the conception, trials conduction and data analysis, manuscript drafting and preparation for submission. SL contributed with the conception, data analysis, manuscript drafting and critically reviewed the manuscript. PMS contributed with trials conduction and critically reviewed the manuscript. AR contributed with trials conduction and critically reviewed the manuscript. SM contributed with data analysis and critically reviewed the manuscript. SCG critically reviewed the manuscript. SMFF critically reviewed the manuscript. AP contributed with the conception, critically reviewed the manuscript and preparation for submission.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Ana Gomes.

Ethics declarations

Ethics Approval

The present study did not involve vertebrates, protected or endangered species. All experimental procedures on sea urchins were conducted in compliance with the Portuguese law and the Directive 2010/63/EU.

Consent to participate

All co-authors agreed to participate in the manuscript writing.

Consent for publication

All co-authors agreed with the final content of this manuscript.

Conflict of interest

The authors have no conflict of interest to declare.

Additional information

Handling Editor: Gavin Burnell

Publisher’s note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

This article is part of the Topical Collection on Future of Aquaculture Nutrition and Feed Research.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Gomes, A., Lourenço, S., Santos, P.M. et al. Effects of single and mixed-diatom diets on growth, condition, and survival of larvae of the sea urchin Paracentrotus lividus (Lamarck, 1816). Aquacult Int 29, 1069–1090 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00676-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s10499-021-00676-8

Keywords

Search

Navigation